1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述）

in the history of american literature, the writer ernestmiller hemingway is like a bright pearl. his life is legendary. he was known asthe embodiment of the spirit of the united states, with his never giving upspirit. during his life, hemingway shaped numerous tough guy character imagesin his works and had a profound influence on the development of american literatureeven the 20th century literature of the whole world. during the past decades,many scholars have researched his works.

hemingway’s representative has the old man and the sea,for whom the bell tolls, a farewell to weapons and so on. and by virtue of theold man and the sea, he won the pulitzer prize in 1953 and nobel prize in1954.

as the new york times pointed out: "hemingway is sogreat that it is as great as a towering tree ... he is tough and does notbegrudge life; he is tough and does not begrudge himself. he gave himselfenough time to show his greatness. "with his never giving up spirit like atough guy, hemingway himself and his tough guy images have been affectinggenerations of readers.

2. 研究的基本内容与方案

asan influential literary giant in the history of american literature,hemingway's works are filled with tragic heroism, which is exactly what i wantto research. after reading and analyzing some of his novels, i have found thathis works have a significant feature, depicting a tough guy image, which meetselaborately laid obstacles by destiny in the whole life. however these barriersgive increasing courage to character to confront with defectiveness and painsbravely. he dares to challenge the disaster, fight with the environment. but inthe end they cannot escape the fate of tragedy. after experiencing the physicaland mental sufferings that ordinary people cannot bear，he finally attains thesublimation of the soul.

inmy research, i will analyze the tragic theme combined with heroism in thebooks, which can gain a further insight into the basic theme of hemingway’sworks. firstly, i will give an introduction about the hero images in hemingway’s works. in this part,some heroic images in hemingway’s works will be presented with their featuresand characteristics. they dare to envisage the lives with unbearabledefectiveness and pains; they rely on the their insignificant power,tenaciously adhering to their own will, to maintain the pride and dignity ofmankind; they have the courage to promise and persist in what they should do,which force them to fight against loneliness, failure and death.

secondly,i will focus on analyzing the tragic theme in hemingway’s novels. for these tragicheroes, death and failure will also bring a sense of fear, anxiety, anddepression. but these tragic heroes can slowly get rid of the fear of tragedy,and thus face the tragedy rationally. unfortunately，in the end, thesecharacters cannot escape the tragic destiny. some scholars said: hemingwayopened a new era of tragedy. he added his own characteristics to thetraditional tragedy.

3. 研究计划与安排

Before 15th May: revision of the draft

Before 20th May: submission of the final version

4. 参考文献（12篇以上）

[1] ernest hemingway. the old man and thesea. charles scribner's sons, 1952.

[2] ernest hemingway. for whom the bell tolls.charles scribner's sons, 1940.

[3] burhans c s. the old man and the sea: hemingway'stragic vision of man[j]. american literature, 1960, 31(4):446.