摘 要

最近几年，随着汽车数量的快速增加，汽车的废旧轮胎的数量急剧增加。如何处理废旧轮胎，成为世界公认的环保难题。世界各国尤其是发达国家纷纷致力于废轮胎的回收利用研究。将废旧轮胎磨成废胶粉，并将废胶粉加入到高温熔融状态下的沥青中搅拌均匀，得到废胶粉改性沥青。这样不但能得到高性能的沥青，还能很好地解决废旧轮胎这一固体废弃物问题。为了实现这一目标，深入研究不同废胶粉对道路用沥青的改性效果显得尤为重要。

本研究，选取了自行车、小轿车和卡车三种典型的橡胶轮胎，通过常温磨粉的方法分别制备了40/60目、60/80目、80/100目三种颗粒尺寸的橡胶粉，选取了TL-90#基质沥青，采用剪切搅拌的方法制备出9种不同的废胶粉改性沥青。利用动态剪切流变仪（DSR）、弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）和布氏粘度仪对不同废胶粉改性沥青以及基质沥青的流变性能和低温性能进行测试，对其在道路沥青上的改性效果进行了评价和分析。

本实验首先利用动态剪切流变仪（DSR）对上述9种橡胶改性沥青和1种基质沥青分别进行了频率扫描测试。对比分析了基质沥青与不同废胶粉改性沥青的流变性能的变化情况。三种橡胶粉的加入均能使沥青相位角减小，明显提高基质沥青的流变性能，同时在高温条件下使沥青的复合模量增加，提高了基质沥青的高温稳定性。结果表明，小轿车轮胎胶粉改性沥青的改性效果较好，自行车的较差，卡车随着橡胶颗粒的变小，其改姓效果有所提升。对比分析不同目数的废胶粉改性沥青的基本动态流变性能的变化情况，随着橡胶颗粒的变小，各轮胎胶粉改性沥青的流变性能有所提升。采用布氏粘度仪对不同废胶粉改性沥青和基质沥青在不同温度下的粘度进行了测试，结果表明，小轿车轮胎胶粉改性沥青的粘度最大，卡车其次，其中自行车轮胎胶粉改性沥青的粘度较小，但是仍然大于基质沥青。

最后，利用弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）对上述十种沥青进行测试。对比分析可知，当温度较低时，基质沥青会发生脆裂，而废胶粉改性沥青还具有很好的变形能力，说明废胶粉改性沥青有较好的低温性能。对比分析不同废胶粉改性沥青蠕变劲度和m值，由实验数据及对应的图可知，卡车轮胎胶粉改性沥青的低温性能优于小轿车优于自行车。对比分析不同温度蠕变劲度和m值，由实验数据及对应的图可知，沥青低温性能变差。

关键词：不同轮胎；废胶粉；改性沥青；流变性能；低温性能

Abstract

In recent years, with the rapid increase in the number of cars, the number of car waste tires increased dramatically. How to deal with waste tires, become the world recognized environmental problems. Countries around the world, especially developed countries are committed to waste tire recycling research. The waste tire will be ground into waste powder, and the waste powder into the high temperature melting of the asphalt in the mixing evenly, get waste powder modified asphalt. This will not only get high-performance asphalt, but also a good solution to the problem of solid waste waste tires. In order to achieve this goal, in-depth study of different waste powder on the road asphalt modification effect is particularly important.

In this study, three typical rubber tires for bicycles, cars and trucks were selected, and 40/60 mesh, 60/80 mesh and 80/100 mesh rubber powders were prepared by means of normal temperature milling. TL-90 # asphalt, using shear mixing method to prepare nine different waste powder modified asphalt. The rheological properties and low temperature performance of different asphalt and asphalt were tested by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and Brookfield viscometer. The modification effect was evaluated and analyzed.

In this experiment, the nine kinds of rubber modified asphalt and one kind of matrix asphalt were tested by frequency dynamic scanning rheometer (DSR) respectively. The rheological properties of matrix asphalt and modified waste asphalt were compared and analyzed. The addition of three kinds of rubber powder can reduce the phase angle of asphalt and improve the rheological properties of the asphalt. At the same time, the composite modulus of asphalt is increased under high temperature condition, and the high temperature stability of matrix asphalt is improved. The results show that the modified effect of the modified asphalt of the car tire powder is better, the bicycle is worse, the truck has become smaller as the rubber particles become smaller. Compared with the change of the basic dynamic rheological properties of the modified asphalt, the rheological properties of the tire modified asphalt were improved with the increase of the rubber particles. The viscosity of the modified asphalt and matrix asphalt at different temperatures was tested by Brookfield viscometer. The results showed that the viscosity of the modified tire asphalt was the largest, followed by the truck. The viscosity of the asphalt is small, but still larger than the matrix pitch.

Finally, the above ten kinds of asphalt were tested using a curved beam rheometer (BBR). Compared with the analysis, it can be seen that when the temperature is low, the matrix asphalt will crack, and the waste powder modified asphalt also has a good deformation ability, indicating that the waste powder modified asphalt has good low temperature performance. The results show that the low temperature performance of truck tire modified asphalt is better than that of bicycle. The results show that the low temperature performance of truck tire modified asphalt is better than that of bicycle. Comparison of different temperature creep stiffness and m value, from the experimental data and the corresponding figure shows that the low temperature performance of asphalt.

Key Words: different tires; crumb rubber; modified binder; rheological properties; low temperature performance

目 录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 课题研究目的及意义 1

1.1.1 课题研究目的 1

1.1.2 课题研究意义 1

1.2 国内外研究现状 2

1.3 研究内容以及采用的技术路线 3

1.3.1 研究内容 3

1.3.2 采用的技术路线 3

第2章 原材料与试验方法 5

2.1 原材料 5

2.1.1 沥青 5

2.1.2 废胶粉 5

2.2 实验方法 5

2.2.1 实验原理 5

2.2.2 实验仪器 6

2.2.3 样品制备 9

第3章 废胶粉材料性能分析 10

3.1 橡胶粉扫描电镜分析 10

3.1.1 不同废旧橡胶粉SEM图对比 10

3.1.2 不同废胶粉EDS对比 11

3.2 橡胶粉综合热分析 12

3.2.1 TG-MS 12

3.2.2 TGA 13

第4章 废胶粉改性沥青流变性能 15

4.1 基本理论 15

4.2 DSR测试 15

4.2.1 不同类型轮胎胶粉改性沥青对比 16

4.2.2 不同目数轮胎胶粉改性沥青对比 17

第5章 废胶粉改性沥青的弯曲梁流变仪测试及评价 18

5.1 基本理论 18

5.2 BBR测试 18

5.2.1 基质沥青和不同类型轮胎胶粉改性沥青不同温度下60s的S值和m值 19

5.2.2 不同类型轮胎胶粉改性沥青劲度模量比较 20

5.2.3 不同类型轮胎胶粉改性沥青蠕变速率比较 21

第6章 废胶粉改性沥青的布式粘度测试及评价 22

6.1 基本理论 22

6.2 布式粘度测试 22

第7章 结论与展望 24

7.1 主要结论 24

7.2 展望 25

参考文献 26

致 谢 27

第1章 绪论

1.1 课题研究目的及意义

1.1.1 课题研究目的

废旧轮胎被称为“黑色污染”，是用不熔或难熔的高分子弹性材料制成。这些材料的大分子如果分解到不影响土壤中植物生长的程度，需要数百年。所以，我国对于废旧轮胎处理的常用方法包括填埋、燃烧等处理固体废弃物的方法对废旧轮胎都不适用。因此，如何处理废旧轮胎，一直是世界公认的环保难题。世界各国尤其是发达国家纷纷致力于废轮胎的回收利用研究^[1]。

我国橡胶资源较为溃乏，2010年生产700万吨橡胶，70%以上天然橡胶，40%以上的合成橡胶需要进口。废旧轮胎2013年产量为1080万吨，并以每年约5%~6%的速度增长，预计2020年将达到2000万吨。然而，目前我国废旧轮胎的再利用率大约为50%，这显然还有非常大的提升空间^[2]。合理有效回收利用废旧橡胶制品和废旧轮胎，是综合利用资源的重要课题，也是合理利用资源、保护环境，促进国民经济增长方式转变和可持续发展的重要措施。