摘 要

随着21世纪以来的信息化与机械产品设计领域的进一步紧密结合，产品研发以及更新换代的速度也在加快，机械生产的全生命周期中逐渐呈现出设计周期更短、设计规范标准化、多线并行生产的新趋势以及缩减制造材料、电能消耗和设备生产的成本投入的新要求。机械零件生产制造的过程中，如何保证零件设计与加工规则的标准化、保证设计要求下的零件加工的可制造性是零件设计之初就应当考虑的关键问题。零件的可制造性评价分析规则过源于工业生产经验，知识体系过于繁杂和零散，在产品零件生产的过程中难以保证能得到有效运用可制造性知识规则的同时兼顾企业本身的生产制造资源。

本文以面向产品的可制造性设计方法为理论基础，以知识图谱的表现形式，着手对零件设计过程中的产品可制造性知识进行明确清晰的知识表达，通过特定工艺条件和特定零件要求下的资源约束来推理出可生产零件的加工方案和加工设备，从零件可加工性的方面研究企业工厂在限定条件要求的零件可制造性分析评价的方法。本文的研究内容如下：

（1）构建了基于零件特征的零件加工生产要素之间的约束关系，通过分析工业生产中针对零件各类特征的加工方案和加工条件，描述了特征类别、特征尺寸、表面粗糙度、精度等级、零件材料和所选加工方案和所需加工机床设备七大生产要素之间的关系以及各自具体的分类明细，并阐明了各要素父类下的子类的之间“一一对应”或“一对多”的对应关系，形成用于本体构建的数据图表。

（2）建立了面向零件特征的可加工性的领域本体，在本体建模软件中完成本体建模，通过规范化零件加工知识，文字和图表以RDF三元组的形式映射到本体中，自顶向下地完成本体构建，针对零件加工领域中的生产规则构成各子类要素的关系和规则集合。

（3）在本体建模软件中根据本体模型生成owl本体文件，再将该本体文件导入到本体可视化插件中，生成关于零件生产制造领域的知识图谱，该知识图谱能反映出零件特征加工的对应关系，形成包含数百个实体的语义网络。

（4）设计出了面向零件特征参数的可加工性条件的本体推理方法，可通过搜索零件生产过程中的某一具体要素或某一约束条件，在知识图谱中查找到与之相关的其他条件要素的联系，推理出在此限定条件下可选用的加工方案。

关键词：知识图谱；零件可制造性分析；可加工性；本体；推理

Abstract

With the further close integration of information technology and mechanical product design since the 21st century, the speed of product research and development, as well as upgrading, is also accelerating, in the whole life cycle of machinery production, there is a new trend of shorter design cycle, standardization of design specifications, multi-line and parallel production, as well as a new requirement of reducing the cost of manufacturing materials, power consumption and equipment production. In the manufacturing process of mechanical parts, how to ensure the standardization of design and processing rules and the manufacturability of parts under design requirements are the key issues to be considered at the beginning of part design. The rules of manufacturability evaluation and analysis of parts come from industrial production experience, and the knowledge system is too complicated and scattered, it is difficult to guarantee the effective use of manufacturability knowledge rules in the production process of product parts, and at the same time to take into account the production resources of the enterprise itself.

In this thesis, based on the theory of product oriented Design for Manufacturability, the knowledge representation of product manufacturability in the process of part design is presented in the form of knowledge graph, deducing the process plan and the processing equipment of the producible parts through the resource restriction under the specific process conditions and the specific parts requirements, from the aspect of part machinability, this paper studies the method of part manufacturability analysis and evaluation in the limited condition of enterprise factory. The research contents of this paper are as follows:

(1) the constraint relations among the production factors of the parts processing based on the features of the parts are constructed, and the processing schemes and processing conditions of the various features of the parts in the industrial production are sorted out, the relationship between the seven production factors of feature type, feature size, feature Surface roughness, accuracy grade, part material and selected processing scheme and machine tool equipment required is listed, as well as their specific classification details, the corresponding relations of "one-to-one" or "one-to-many" among the subclasses under the superclasses of each element are clarified, and a data chart for ontology construction is formed.

(2) the domain ontology of part feature-oriented machinability is established, and the ontology modeling is completed in the ontology modeling software, and the data and knowledge of the parts machining mentioned in (1) are sorted out, the text and graph are mapped to the ontology in the form of RDF triplet, and the ontology is constructed from top to bottom.

(3) in the ontology modeling software, OWL ontology file is generated according to the ontology model, and then the ontology file is imported into the ontology visualization plug-in, and the knowledge map about the field of parts manufacturing is generated, the knowledge map can reflect the corresponding relationship of parts feature processing, and form a semantic network containing hundreds of entities.

(4) an ontology reasoning method for the machinability condition of part feature parameters is designed, which can search for a specific factor or a constraint condition in the process of part production, in the knowledge graph, we find the relation of other condition factors related to it, and deduce the processing scheme that can be chosen under the condition.

Key words: Knowledge Graph; Manufacturability Analysis For Components; Machinability; ontology; reasoning

目录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第1章 绪论 1

1.1选题背景及意义 1

1.2知识图谱的概念与特点 2

1.3知识图谱表达知识的特点和优势 2

1.3.1现有表达方式的缺陷 2

1.3.2知识图谱表达知识的优势 3

1.4研究意义 4

第2章 基于零件特征的加工生产要素与关系分析 5

2.1零件的加工可行性评价 5

2.2零件加工生产要素与关系梳理 5

第3章 加工生产要素数据库与本体建模 8

3.1各生产要素父类的细分子类 8

3.2关于生产要素间关系的数据库 13

3.3本体建模 15

3.3.1本体建模的方法 15

3.3.2本体建模的过程 17

第4章 加工知识图谱可视化与推理 23

4.1加工知识图谱及可视化 23

4.2基于知识图谱的搜索推理 24

4.3示例演示 30

第5章 结论 34

参考文献 35

致 谢 36

第1章 绪论

1.1选题背景及意义

可制造性设计是一种在零件产品或其他工业品在进入生产流程前就事先规划好它的生产环节的设计思路,这种设计思路沿用并行工程的思想核心理念,将工业产品的事前设计、产品中期的生产制造以及后期的产品装配维护进行高度紧密配合的一种经验性技术^[1]。这种设计方法需要在产品的生产设计环节就开始布局，对零件的生产制造工序中的每一环节进行综合评估，判断方案是否通过并同时提出完善措施的方法和建议，比如说在零件的毛坯初处理、材料热处理、车削加工、装配联结以及后期的产品维护等各个阶段^[2]，综合考虑制造生产方案的可行性、生产途径和工序，并对其进行综合评价。对产品中的各个零件进行可制造性分析,对于缩减新产品的研发周期、控制工业产品的成本投入、减少生产材料和能源的消耗等方面来说意义非凡。

在对零件的可制造性设计分析评价的进程中，可制造性分析评价知识的表现方式起着至关重要的作用。产品零件的可制造性评价知识大部分都来自于长期以往在工业实践中的经验传承，被大量收编编纂在各类机械制造手册中，基于零件生产知识的可制造性规则变化具有相对稳定、可扩充、填补、发散的特点^[3]。可制造性评价知识涵盖了零件设计标准化知识、零件可加工性知识、零件结构工艺性知识等方面，而如何以较高的效率准确具体地描述和传达这些规则与知识,让这些知识可以以更清晰、易于被查询的方式被数据库存储并加以调出检索利用,是可制造性设计研究利用的关键问题。