论文总字数：21545字

摘 要

近年来，我国港口运输行业有了较大进步，多座城市港口吞吐量位居世界前列。吞吐量的上升要求港口起重机性能和运行效率随之提升，经过多年努力，我国已成为港口大型装卸设备方面的领军者之一。现如今，不论是货轮吨数，抓卸船机、装船机吨数，还是起重机吨数方面，我国的港口设备研制都取得了举世瞩目的成就。

如何在起重机电气控制系统设计上进行改进创新，很大程度上左右了起重机的技术性能。现代，对于港口装卸的主要设备起重机来说，其灵敏性、可靠性、安全性我们都有更高的要求。现代的电气控制系统，主要以继电控制与PLC控制为主，尤其是后者，在如今的控制领域的应用越来越广泛，占着举足轻重的地位。为此我们对港口10吨起重机其中机构的电气控制进行了设计。本文主要内容如下：

1.查找了解起重机起升机构控制的现状。

2.分析电机工作原理，包括启动、制动、调速等，确定所需控制对象。

3.进行电气控制系统设计

4.阐述可编程控制器的原理及优点，与传统电气控制方式进行对比，并对电机的PLC控制系统进行分析设计。

关键词：起重机，起升机构，电气控制，可编程控制器

ABSTRACT

In recent years, China's port transportation industry has made great progress, and the port throughput of many cities is in the forefront of the world. With the increase of throughput, the performance and operation efficiency of port cranes will be improved. After years of efforts, China has become one of the leaders in large-scale port handling equipment. Nowadays, the development of port equipment in China has made remarkable achievements in terms of tonnage of freighters, ship unloaders, loaders and cranes.

How to improve and innovate in the design of crane electrical control system, to a large extent, affects the technical performance of the crane. In modern times, for the main equipment crane of port loading and unloading, we have higher requirements for its sensitivity, reliability and safety. The modern electrical control system, mainly based on relay control and PLC control, especially the latter, is more and more widely used in today's control field, and plays an important role. For this reason, we have designed the electric control of the mechanism of the port 10 ton crane. The main contents of this paper are as follows:

1. Find out the current situation of crane lifting mechanism control.

2. Analyze the working principle of the motor, including starting, braking, speed regulation, etc., and determine the required control object.

3. Design the electrical control system

4. Expound the principle and advantages of PLC, compare with the traditional electrical control mode, and analyze and design the PLC control system of motor.

Key words: crane, electrical control, PLC

目录

摘要......................................................................................................................1

Abstract................................................................................................................2

第1章.绪论........................................................................................................5

1.1.设计目的及意义........................................................................................5

1.2.电气控制研究现状....................................................................................5

1.3.本文研究工作及章节安排........................................................................6

第2章.起升机构组成及运行原理....................................................................8

2.1起升机构组成............................................................................................8

2.2起升机构任务............................................................................................8

2.3.三相异步电机运行控制原理....................................................................9

2.3.1三相异步电动机机械特性.................................................................9

2.3.2三相异步电动机的启动....................................................................10

2.3.3三相异步电机的调速........................................................................11

2.3.4三相异步电机的制动以及运行状态................................................11

第3章.电气控制系统设计................................................................................13

3.1电机启动控制电路...................................................................................13

3.2电机正反转电路设计...............................................................................14

3.3电机调速电路...........................................................................................16

3.4电气控制系统电路...................................................................................18

3.5设计总结...................................................................................................20

第4章.PLC介绍与程序设计.............................................................................21

4.1PLC的定义与组成.....................................................................................21

4.2PLC工作原理.............................................................................................21

4.3PLC特点.....................................................................................................21

4.4起重机PLC控制程序设计.......................................................................22

4.4.1串电阻分级启动电路程序设计........................................................23

4.4.2正反转控制程序设计........................................................................25

4.4.3电机调速程序设计............................................................................27

4.4.4电气控制程序设计............................................................................30

4.4.5设计总结............................................................................................34

第5章.总结........................................................................................................36

致谢.....................................................................................................................37

参考文献.............................................................................................................38

第1章.绪论

1.1设计目的及意义

随着国际交往的不断加深，国际贸易量的不断加大，作为港口运输主要设备的起重机的要求越来越高。起重机可以实现对散货、件货、集装箱的高效装卸，起升机构是港口起重机的重要部分，同时也是起重机主要的受力及做功部位。为了提高起重机工作的可靠性与效率，对起升机构的电气控制设计显得尤为重要。

可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller，简称PLC)，类似于一台计算机，有着输入、运算、输出、以及控制的功能，CPU是其核心部件。它在扩展性、可靠性、安全性上都有着很大优势，得到广泛应用,使用PLC进行电气控制对于控制系统大有裨益。

1.2电气控制研究现状

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