开阔水域互见中三船避碰方案探析毕业论文
2021-12-11 18:08:56
论文总字数:20556字
摘 要
在三船会遇中,由于相关避碰规则的不完善,导致其具有极度的危险性和特殊性,这一特殊情形给海上航行人员带来了极大的困扰。本研究通过探析三船会遇时的多种局面,结合船舶领域的概念,并对所有的会遇局面进行大量模拟实验,总结出可以正确避让的一般性结论,即碰撞危险中:通过正规瞭望观察到三船会遇且存在碰撞危险,右舷正横以及右后水域开阔者务必右转,其余船舶减速,直至驶过让清后恢复航向航速。紧迫局面中:通过正规瞭望观察到三船会遇且形成紧迫局面,右舷正横以及右后水域开阔者务必满舵右转,其余船舶减速,直至驶过让清后恢复航向航速。
依据这一实验理论可以完善避碰规则中对于三船会遇局面的避碰行动规则。使得本船让开他船的同时避免与左前方的船舶之间的形成紧迫局面,并且在避让后不会因为船距而发生其他船间效应,在避开两船的同时,也可采取最经济的避让路径,保障船舶航行安全和海上工作人员的人命安全。
关键词:有利三船会遇;危险三船会遇;等角三船会遇;不等角三船会遇
Abstract
In the three ship encounter, it has extreme danger and particularity, due to the imperfection of the relevant collision avoidance rules, which brings great trouble to the maritime navigation personnel. In this study, by analyzing the various situations of the three ships encounter, combining the concept of the ship’s field, and carrying out a large number of simulation experiments on all the situations, we summarized the general situation that can be avoided collision. That is, in the collision risk, it is observed through regular observation that three ships will encounter and there is a collision risk. You’d better turn on your right those with starboard normal transverse and right rear area clean , and the rest of the ships need to keep their heading and decelerate until they pass this situation and resume their heading and speed. In the urgent situation: it is observed through regular observation that three ships will encounter and form an urgent situation. Those who are starboard and in the open water area at the right rear must turn right with full rudder, and the rest of the ships need to keep their heading and decelerate until they pass this situation and resume their heading and speed. So as to improve the rules of collision avoidance of three ships. Make the ship move away from other ships and avoid the formation of an urgent situation between the ship and the ship in front of the left, and avoid other ship to ship effects due to the distance between ships. The most economical route can also be taken to ensure and the safety of the ship's navigation and the safety of the personnel at sea while avoiding two ships.
Key Words: favorable three ships encounter; dangerous three ships encounter; equal angle three ships encounter; unequal angle three ships encounter
目录
第一章. 绪论 1
1.1 研究背景及目的 1
1.2 国内外研究现状 2
1.3 研究内容 3
第二章. 三船会遇行动规则 4
2.1 三船会遇局面的划分 4
2.2 避碰行动探讨 7
2.3 避碰行动前的准备 7
第三章. 存在的问题及解决方案 9
3.1 问题以及解决方案 9
3.11.避碰规则的盲区和冲突 9
3.12.会遇局面的不确定性 9
3.13.三船避碰的后续问题及解决方案 9
3.14.三船行动统一协调问题及解决方案 10
3.2 避碰行动的理论依据 11
3.21 船舶领域的应用 11
3.22危险局面的划分 12
3.23 船舶负有的责任和义务 12
3.24 环形道避让规则 13
3.25 适用的避碰规则 13
第四章. 避碰决策和仿真 15
4.1 三船避碰决策 15
4.2 避碰决策框架 16
4.3 仿真与分析 17
4.31 等角三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 17
4.32 等角危险三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 19
4.33 等角有利三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 21
4.34 不等角三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 21
4.35 不等角危险三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 23
4.36 不等角有利三船会遇避碰规则的探讨 24
第五章. 结语 25
参考文献 26
致谢 28
第一章. 绪论
1.1 研究背景及目的
国际海事组织一直致力于解决船舶碰撞和海上的安全问题。尽管这样,仍有大量数据表明,每年有超过40%的失事船舶中是因为碰撞导致的,且人为因素造成的事故占其中的80%。人为因素中主要是由于值班驾驶员对规则的疏忽,但还有一小部分是由于特殊情况下相关规则的缺失。
在海上航行中,《国际海上避碰规则》中的对遇条款,交叉相遇条款,追越条款等都是对两艘船舶做出的约束和限制,例如避碰规则的第十四条对遇局面:当两艘机动船在相反的或接近相反的航向上相遇有构成碰撞危险时各应向右转向,各自从他船的左舷驶过[1]。所有条款中都没有对于三艘船舶的会遇情况进行说明。例如在等角三船会遇局面中,如果按照避碰规则中第十五条交叉相遇条款来进行操船,每艘船舶都是右舷来船的直航船,却又要分别给左舷的船舶让路,这样以来,每艘船既要做直航船保向保速,又要做让路船转向避让。船员在这种特殊情况下究竟要保向保速还是要避让,规则中的冲突使得船员很难及时做出判断,更无法根据避碰规则采取避碰。而且,刚才提到的例子是三船会遇中最基础,最理想化的例子,在真正航海中遇到的三船会遇情形千变万化,对值班驾驶员更是一个极大的挑战。
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