论文总字数：16496字

摘 要

GNSS（全球卫星导航系统）作为21世纪的高新发展技术，它不仅拥有提供用户信息等功能，还可以提供测量信息，并且共享全球导航和速度的测量时间。最近几年，人们利用GNSS信号，形成了一种全新的技术：GNSS反射信号遥感技术（GNSS-R）。

目前，GNSS-R已深层次普遍地应用于土地测量、交通运输等方面。而GNSS信号普遍应用于测量大气温度、湿度等方面。直射信号和反射信号都可以被GNSS接收器接收，通过反射信号可以提取海平面高度、土壤湿度等所需要的地表信息，是GNSS的一个研究重点，在地球环境科学等领域可应用性极高。

GNSS-R是一种在被动遥感与主动遥感两者间进行的先进的遥感技术，使用特定GNSS接收器，接收GNSS的直射、反射信号是它的技术原理，按照其有关代码延迟的函数波形和特性进行剖析，并根据电磁波散射理论，取得地面、大海的相关参数信息。因此，GNSS拥有主动遥感和被动遥感所有好处。

现有的水平面高度监测是根据配置在各观测站点上的验潮仪来观察和记录水面高度的变化情况。验潮仪仅仅能监测标准点与水平面高度的相对改变。就算有着非常精准的验潮仪，水平面的高度变化和地壳运动也会影响其监测结果。全球定位系统GPS、GLONS、北斗、Galileo等的迅速发展，使利用GNSS反射信号进行水平面高度变化的监测已经成为可能。

本文研究了利用GNSS技术进行水位反演的理论方法，基于水面反射的多路径信号特性，使用单GPS天线的水位反演技术，完成了在GNSS接收机上取得水位变化的结果。研究内容及成果大概有以下几个方面：

1. 研究GNSS直射信号与反射信号和SNR信号的特点，分析测站的有效卫星，整理信号有效反射领域的特征。
2. 利用基于信噪比频谱分析理论的水位反演方法，反演了美国华盛顿州星期五港口内的GPS跟踪站SC02的观测数据，分析了反演结果的正确性，并给了反演水平精度的评价标准。

关键词：全球卫星导航定位系统；GNSS-R；信噪比；水位反演

Abstract

Global satellite navigation system (GNSS), as a high-tech in the 21st century,

It is not only a space information user, but also provides global shared navigation measurement information, speed measurement time service and other functions, providing long-term stable L-band signal source with high time and spatial resolution. Recently, a new remote sensing technology of GNSS has been formed by using remote sensing technology.

The GNSS receiver can receive direct and reflected signals. GNSS signal is widely used in atmospheric temperature and humidity, weather, meteorological office, ionosphere monitoring and other fields. It is a research hotspot in the field of satellite navigation to extract the desired surface (water level change, sea level height, soil moisture content, plant water content, snow water equivalent, snow depth, etc.) through the reflected signal, which has a high possibility of application in the field of earth environment science.

GNSS-R is a new remote sensing technology between passive remote sensing and active remote sensing. Its technical principle is to receive the direct and reflected signals of GNSS through a dedicated GNSS receiver, analyze the function waveforms and characteristics of the code delay, and obtain the parameters of ocean and land surface by combining the electromagnetic wave scattering theory.

The existing level height monitoring is to observe and record the change of water surface according to the tide gauge configured at each observation station. The tide gauge only monitors the relative change of the horizontal height to the standard point. Even if there is a very accurate tide gauge, its monitoring results will be affected by the height change of the horizontal plane and the crustal movement. Due to the influence of crustal movement or deformation, it is difficult for the existing tide gauge to directly measure the height change of the horizontal plane. GPS, glons, Beidou and Galileo are all developing rapidly. It is possible to use GNSS reflection signal to monitor the change of horizontal height.

Based on the multi-path signal characteristics of water surface reflection, the single GPS antenna water level inversion technology is realized, and the water level change results are obtained on the GNSS receiver. The research contents and achievements mainly include:

(1) Investigate the theory of GNSS reflection signal and the characteristics of SNR signal, analyze the effective satellites of the station, and sort out the characteristics of signal effective reflection field. The SNR signal changes periodically with the change of satellite altitude, and the lower the satellite altitude angle is, the lower the signal strength is.

(2) A water level inversion method based on the theory of signal-to-noise ratio spectrum analysis is proposed, and the observation data of sc02, a GPS tracking station in the port of Washington state, USA, is inverted for experimental analysis. The correctness of the inversion result is analyzed, and the evaluation standard of the inversion horizontal accuracy is given.

Key words:global navigation satellite system; GNSS-R; SNR; water level retrieval

目 录

摘要 III

Abstract 1

目 录 3

1 绪论 4

1.1 研究背景与意义 4

1.1.1 研究背景 4

1.1.2 研究意义 4

1.2 国内外研究现状 4

1.3 研究内容 5

2 信噪比反演水位高度方法 6

2.1 信噪比观测值 6

2.2 信号反射区 7

2.2.1 反射点轨迹计算 7

2.2.2 有效反射区域 9

2.3 反射信号反演水位高度原理 10

2.4 本章小结 12

3 水位高度反演实验结果与分析 13

3.1 数据概况 13

3.1.1 观测站点的选择 13

3.1.2 实验设备 13

3.2 数据的计算与分析 14

3.2.1 GNSS接收机观测数据的读取 14

3.2.2 直射信号与反射信号的分离 15

3.2.3 反射信号重采样 15

3.2.4 反射信号特征参数计算 16

3.5本章小结 17

4 结论与展望 18

参考文献 19

致谢 21

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