论文总字数：26457字

摘 要

一般水准测量方法要求前后视距相等而且前后视距差在限定的误差范围之内，然而当水准测量跨越较大的河流和障碍物时难以满足以上条件，因此为了得到符合精度要求的观测成果，需要根据实际情况制定合理的测量方案，使其既能满足工程的要求，又能节约时间、节约人力、物力和财力。本文分析了跨河水准测量的原理、方法和误差的来源，以通过对其限制因素和测量误差的分析，探究用三角高程法代替一般水准测量的方案，而且拟定了相应的作业过程，最后对传统水准测量和三角高程测量的结果进行了比对分析，并分析了导致两者结果差异的误差原因，最后分析了提高三角高程测量的误差因素。此次实验以学校镜湖作为测量场地进行实验，鉴于一般水准测量方法要求前后视距相等，因此用全站仪三角高程法布设合理的测站，通过使用对向观测和推导理论公式，可以减弱球气差的影响。并进行了二等水准的测量，将二等水准的测量结果作为基准值，用来检验本次课题设计方案的可行性，并且做精度分析和误差分析，通过这两种分析，总结控制误差的措施能更好的优化设计方案。此次的研究对跨河水准具有实际意义，虽然设计的方案没有完全达到二等的精度要求，但是可以优化方案，还是具有很高的可行性可以达到二等水准精度。此次的实验可以做为其他跨河水准测量的方案的参考，在实验方案的基础上进行优化，以实现高精度的跨河水准测量。通过此次毕业设计，深刻的体会到跨河测量的产生原因以及提高了如何分析问题、解决问题的能力。

关键词：跨河水准测量 三角高程测量法 精度分析

River-crossing leveling and Its Precision Analysis

ABSTRACT

The leveling method requires that the fore and back sight distance are equal and the front and back sight distance is within the limited error range. However, it is difficult to meet the above conditions when leveling crosses large rivers and obstacles. Therefore, in order to obtain the observation results that meet the precision requirements, it is important to make a reasonable measurement plan according to the actual situation, so that it can not only meet the requirements of engineering, but also save time, manpower, material and financial resources. the principle, method and error source of river-crossing leveling are analyzed in this paper. Based on the analysis of its limiting factors and measuring errors, the scheme of replacing leveling with trigonometric leveling is explored, and the corresponding operation process is worked out. Finally, the results of traditional leveling and trigonometric leveling are compared and analyzed, and the error sources that lead to the difference between the two results are analyzed. Finally, the error factors of improving trigonometric leveling are analyzed. In this experiment, the school Jinghu is taken as the measuring site for the experiment. Because of the requirement of the leveling method that the front and black sight distance are the same, the total station trigonometric leveling method is used to set up a reasonable measuring station. Through the use of the opposite observation and the derivation of the theoretical formula, the influence of the spherical air difference can be reduced. And the second-class leveling measurement is carried out. The measurement results of the second order leveling are taken as the reference value to test the feasibility of the design scheme of this project, and the precision analysis and error analysis are done. Through these two kinds of analysis, the measures to control the error are summarized to better optimize the design scheme. This study is of practical significance for river-crossing. Although the designed scheme does not fully meet the second-class precision requirements, it can optimize the scheme, and still has high feasibility to achieve the second-class leveling precision. This experiment can be used as a reference for other river-crossing leveling schemes. Based on the experimental scheme, it can be optimized to achieve high-precision river-crossing leveling. Through this graduation project, we have a deep understanding of the causes of river-crossing survey and how to analyze and solve problems.

Key words: river-crossing leveling; trigonometric leveling method; precision analysis

目 录

摘要 I

ABSTRACT II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景与意义 1

1.1.1 研究背景 1

1.1.2 研究意义 1

1.2 国内外研究现状 2

1.3 研究目的 3

1.4 研究内容 3

第二章 跨河水准测量理论基础 5

2.1 地球曲率和i角对水准测量的影响 5

2.1.1 地球曲率对水准测量高差的影响 5

2.1.2 i角对水准测量高差的影响 6

2.2 水准测量的基本原理 6

2.2.1 一般水准测量的基本原理 6

2.2.2 三角高程测量的基本原理 7

2.3 球气差对三角高程法测量的影响分析 8

第三章 跨河水准测量方法实施 10

3.1 实验方案 10

3.1.1 方案背景 11

3.1.2 实验难题与解决方案 11

3.2 一般水准测量 11

3.2.1 作业流程 11

3.2.2 场地条件 12

3.2.3 注意事项 13

3.2.4 观测数据及成果整理 14

3.3 跨河水准测量方案 16

3.3.1 作业流程 16

3.3.2 跨河场地条件 18

3.3.3 跨河水准观测及数据整理 19

3.3.4 注意事项 21

第四章 跨河水准测量精度分析 22

4.1 三角高程法数据整理 22

4.2 精度评定 22

4.3 误差分析 23

4.3.1 误差分析 23

4.3.2 误差来源分析 24

4.3.3 控制措施 26

第五章 结论与展望 27

5.1 结论 27

5.2 展望 27

参考文献 29

致 谢 31

附录一 32

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