论文总字数：29375字

摘 要

随着工业化进程的推进，数控复合加工机床在航天航空和交通运输等民用工程中的应用越来越广泛。如何提高数控复合加工中心的整体性能也逐渐成为了人们关注的焦点，越来越多的国内外研究学者开始对其在运作时的动静态特性展开了研究和优化。传统意义上的经验式优化难以在有限时间内，找出机床的最优形态和尺寸。CAE技术成为机床研发过程中不可缺少的环节。

立柱作为机床关键部件之一，它的动静态特性对于机床加工性能有最直接的影响。本文以CLSJ-02-14B型数控复合机床立柱作为研究对象，运用有限元法分析得到立柱在典型工况下的动静态性能。并以此作为研究手段，通过数学计算工具对立柱进行尺寸的优化设计。

在有限元分析方面，本文主要从对立柱进行静力学分析、模态分析和谐响应分析3个方面获得了其动静态特性。分析得出机床立柱的整体静刚度和强度（第三次查重）满足加工要求，且远低于极限值；动刚度条件也满足了切削要求。机床立柱的尺寸趋于保守，可以进一步优化以降低生产成本，提高机床经济性能。

在进行尺寸优化设计时，采用实验设计方法对立柱的重要结构尺寸进行优化设计。在保证立柱结构动静态特性的前提下，以尽可能降低立柱质量、提高经济效益为目标。最终对比优化前后的模型，质量降低了1.45%，整体最大变形量降低了7.45%，低阶固有频率也得到了小幅提高。立柱整体动静态性能得到提高的同时实现了立柱质量的降低。结果证明了优化设计方案的可行性，一定程度上可以为机床立柱的生产和设计提供有限的参考。

关键词：立柱， 动静态特性，有限元分析，优化设计，ANSYS workbench

Abstract

With the advancement of industrialization, the application of CNC compound machine tools in civilian projects such as aerospace, aviation and transportation has become more and more widespread. How to improve the overall performance of CNC machining centers has gradually become a focus of attention. More and more domestic and foreign researchers have started to study and optimize their dynamic and static characteristics during operation. Traditional empirical optimization is difficult to find the optimal shape and size of the machine tool within a limited time. CAE Technology Becomes Indispensable Link in Machine Tool Ramp;D.

The column is one of the key components of the machine tool. Its dynamic and static characteristics have the most direct influence on the machining performance of the machine tool. In this paper, the CLSJ-02-14B numerical control machine tool column is taken as the research object, and the static and dynamic performance of the column under typical working conditions is analyzed using the finite element method. And as a research method, the size of the column is optimized through mathematical calculation tools.

In the aspect of finite element analysis, the static and dynamic characteristics of this column are obtained from three aspects: static analysis, modal analysis and harmonic response analysis. The analysis shows that the overall static stiffness and strength of the machine column meet the machining requirements and is far below the limit; the dynamic stiffness conditions also meet the cutting requirements. The size of the machine tool column tends to be conservative and can be further optimized to reduce production costs and improve the economic performance of the machine tool.

In the optimization design of the size, an experimental design method is used to optimize the design of the important structural dimensions of the column. Under the premise of guaranteeing the dynamic and static characteristics of the column structure, the aim is to reduce the quality of the column and increase the economic efficiency as much as possible. In the final comparison of the model before and after optimization, the quality was reduced by 1.45%, the overall maximum deformation was reduced by 7.45%, and the low-order natural frequency was also slightly increased. The column's overall dynamic and static performance has been improved and the quality of the column has been reduced. The results prove the feasibility of optimizing the design scheme, to a certain extent, can provide a limited reference for the production and design of the machine column.

Key words: Column，Dynamic and Static Characteristics，Finite Element Analysis，Optimization Design，ANSYS Workbench

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 课题来源及背景 1

1.2 结构分析和优化设计 1

1.2.1 线性静力学分析 1

1.2.2 动力学分析 1

1.2.3 结构优化方法 2

1.3 机床结构动静态特性研究现状 3

1.3.1 国外现状 4

1.3.2 国内情况 4

1.4 论文内容与结构框架 5

1.4.1 研究内容与技术路线 5

1.4.2 论文结构 6

第二章 建立机床立柱有限元模型 8

2.1 有限元方法理论 8

2.1.1 有限元方法 8

2.1.2 有限元的发展历程 8

2.1.3 有限元法求解步骤 8

2.1.4 ANSYS Workbench分析软件 9

2.2 立柱的三维建模 10

2.2.1 3D建模软件 10

2.2.2 立柱结构分析建模 10

2.2.3 立柱模型的简化 11

2.3 立柱的有限元模型 12

2.3.1 三维模型的导入 12

2.3.2 定义单元属性 12

2.3.3 划分网格 13

2.4 本章小结 15

第三章 立柱的有限元静力分析 16

3.1 立柱的静力学分析 16

3.2 计算载荷和施加边界条件 17

3.2.1 切削力计算 17

3.2.2 立柱受力分析 18

3.2.3 施加载荷和边界条件 19

3.3 计算结果分析 20

3.3.1 刚度分析 20

3.3.2 应力分析 24

3.4 本章小结 25

第四章 立柱动力学分析 26

4.1 概述 26

4.2 立柱模态分析 26

4.2.1 模态分析理论及步骤 26

4.2.2 模态分析结果 27

4.3 立柱谐响应分析 29

4.3.1 概述 29

4.3.2 求解结果分析 30

4.4 本章小结 32

第五章 CLSJ数控复合机床立柱的优化设计 33

5.1 优化设计理论 33

5.2 立柱的尺寸优化设计 33

5.2.1 声明优化变量 33

5.2.2 立柱的参数化建模 34

5.2.3 优化工具 34

5.2.4 尺寸设计 34

5.3 优化结构的修正与检验 40

5.3.1 设计变量的修正 40

5.3.2 优化前后立柱动静态特性对比 41

5.4 经济性分析 42

5.5 本章小结 43

第六章 总结与展望 44

6.1 总结 44

6.2 展望 44

参考文献 46

致谢 48

第一章 绪论

1.1 课题来源及背景

随着计算机科学和电子技术的发展，复合加工中心的研究自20世纪90年代开始。数控复合机床又称为复合加工中心，是指在一次装夹后通过控制系统完成零件从毛坯到成品的多要素加工机床。相对于传统机床，提高了工件的加工精度、缩短加工周期。为保证复合加工中心的加工精度，复合机床立柱及其相关支撑件的结构设计是最基础的研究工作之一。

数控复合机床立柱作为整个结构系统的承载基体，对其动静态力学性能的要求更为严格。如果还是按照传统的经验设计方法来分析结构复杂的立柱，将会引起其他的问题，诸如难以满足加工质量、降低机床使用年限等。

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