小孔径超滤膜截留性能表征方法毕业论文
2022-03-05 21:42:10
论文总字数:16998字
摘 要
众所周知,膜材料的性能可以直接影响膜的性能。最常用的超滤材料是有机聚合物,它通常包括纤维素,聚酰亚胺,聚丙烯腈,多酚,聚醚酮等高分子材料。而聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)是一种结晶聚合物,具有较高的熔点和热分解温度,良好的机械性能,化学稳定性,高机械强度,良好的成膜性能,耐紫外线辐射和核辐射特性等特点,因此被广泛应用在各个领域[1]。在上世纪70年代末美国Millipore公司生产出用于过滤、检测用的PVDF膜。近几年,我国自主研发的PVDF中空纤维微孔膜和超滤膜相继问世。目前,聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜已经在许多领域如化工、冶金、医药、纺织以及食品等得到了广泛的应用。
随着PVDF薄膜的广泛应用,世界各地的研究人员投入了巨大的努力和金钱,开发基于PVDF膜材料的各种新型分离膜,有望满足一些特殊领域的需求。在化工油水分离和医用蛋白类药物领域,PVDF膜非常强的疏水特性以及极低的表面能将造成由PVDF制备成的超滤膜在应用时产生两个重大的问题:其一是膜会受到蛋白质的附着造成污染而导致通量下降;二是为了加速水通过膜孔,必须施加较高的压差[2]。所以为了提高膜的抗污染性能,提高膜通量并且延长膜的使用寿命,使PVDF制成的超滤膜更加能适应于生化、医药、净水等领域,PVDF膜的亲水化改性已经逐渐成为了行业的研究热点,而聚乙烯醇(PVA)因具有较合适的聚合度和良好的水溶性粘度,常常会应用在表面改性或者与聚合物共混等技术来改变膜的性能,本实验就选择用PVA对PVDF进行改性。
在超滤膜应用领域中反映膜分离性能的衡量指标是水通量和截留性能也就是截留分子量。用来测定截留分子量的标准物包括蛋白质、聚乙二醇、葡聚糖等纯净物质。然而各实验室、厂家给出的截留率通常是使用一种作为标准物质测定膜的截留分子量。然而用户却往往误认为凡是大于该截留分子量的截留物质都可以被截留,而忽略了各种被截留物质的分子形状、可变形性以及截留物质和膜互相作用的差异,从而造成错误选用膜的后果。为了解决同一超滤膜,因选用不同标准物质而导致截留性能不同的问题,本文对PVA/PVDF改性膜用牛血清蛋白和葡聚糖分别测定它们的截留曲线,进行分析比较。
关键词:聚偏氟乙烯 聚乙烯醇 膜改性 截留性能表征
标题英文翻译
ABSTRACT
It is well known that the properties of the membrane material can directly affect the performance of the film. The most commonly used ultrafiltration material is organic polymer, which usually includes cellulose, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyphenols, polyether ketone and other polymer materials. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a crystalline polymer with high melting and thermal decomposition temperatures, good mechanical properties, chemical stability, high mechanical strength, good film-forming properties, UV radiation and nuclear radiation Characteristics and other characteristics, it is widely used in various fields [1]. At the end of the 1970s, Millipore produced PVDF membranes for filtration and detection. In recent years, China's independent research and development of PVDF hollow fiber microporous membrane and ultrafiltration membrane have come out. At present, the polyvinylidene fluoride ultrafiltration membrane has been widely used in many fields such as chemical industry, metallurgy, medicine, textile and food.
With the widespread use of PVDF films, researchers around the world have invested a great deal of effort and money to develop a variety of new separation membranes based on PVDF membrane materials, which are expected to meet the needs of some special areas. In the field of chemical oil-water separation and medical protein-based drugs, the very strong hydrophobic properties of the PVDF membrane and the extremely low surface energy will result in two major problems in the application of the ultrafiltration membrane prepared by PVDF: Protein adhesion caused by pollution caused by decreased flux; the second is to speed up the water through the membrane hole, you must exert a higher pressure [2]. So in order to improve the anti-pollution properties of the membrane, improve membrane flux and extend the service life of the membrane, PVDF made of ultrafiltration membrane can be more adapted to biochemical, pharmaceutical, water and other fields, PVDF membrane hydrophobicity has been (PVA) has a more suitable degree of polymerization and good water-soluble viscosity, often used in the surface modification or blending with the polymer technology to change the performance of the membrane, but also to improve the performance of the film, In this experiment, we chose to modify PVDF with PVA.
In the field of ultrafiltration membrane applications reflect the membrane separation performance is a measure of water flux and retention performance that is interception of molecular weight. Standard materials for the determination of molecular weight cut off include pure substances such as protein, polyethylene glycol and dextran. However, the retention rates given by the laboratories and manufacturers are usually the use of a cut-off molecular weight as a standard substance for the determination of the membrane. However, the user has often mistakenly believe that all of the interception of molecular weight than the interception of substances can be retained, while ignoring the various substances were retained substances molecular shape, deformability and interception of substances and membrane interaction between the differences, resulting in the wrong choice of membrane as a result of. In order to solve the same ultrafiltration membrane, due to the use of different reference materials caused by the retention of different performance, this paper PVA / PVDF modified membrane with bovine serum albumin and dextran were measured their retention curve, the analysis and comparison.
Key Words: polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, membrane modification, retention performance characterization
目录
摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
第一章 文献综述 1
1.1超滤膜 1
1.1.1超滤膜基本原理与特征 1
1.1.2超滤膜技术在水处理中的应用 2
1.1.3超滤膜在应用过程中的污染现象 2
1.2 PVA/PVDF复合膜 3
1.3截留性能表征方法 5
1.3.1葡聚糖和蛋白质截留分子量的测定 6
1.4本文研究思路和方法 6
第二章 实验内容 7
2.1实验药品及仪器 7
2.2实验流程 8
2.2.1PVA/PVDF复合膜的制备 8
2.2.2戊二醛交联剂的配置 9
2.3分析及表征方法 9
2.3.1孔径分布的测定 9
2.3.2截留与抗膜污染的表征 10
第三章 实验结果及分析 12
3.1孔径分布 12
3.2截留与抗膜污染 12
3.2.1不同浓度的PVA 12
3.2.2不同涂覆时间 15
3.2.3交联时间 16
第四章 结论与展望 19
4.1结论 19
4.2展望 19
参考文献 21
致谢 23
第一章 文献综述
1.1超滤膜
膜分离技术是一门非常崭新的跨学科实用技术,膜分离过程是一种无相变、能耗低的物理分离过程[3],而且拥有高效、节能、无污染、用途广泛和操作便捷等特性,半个世纪以来,膜技术已经广泛地应用在众多的领域中,甚至被作为是最有前途的高新技术之一,而超滤膜是一种具有筛分功能的多孔膜,从20世纪90年代的应用逐渐变得广泛起来,尤其是在工业领域。超滤膜是一种介于纳虑和微滤之间的膜透过分离技术,它的孔径仅仅有几纳米到几十纳米[4],从而可以实现溶液的浓缩、分离和净化,具有很好的分离性能以及物化性能,超滤膜应用于人类的生活以及生产的各个领域中,其中最为主要的还是大规模的水资源处理。
1.1.1超滤膜基本原理与特征
简单来说,超滤膜技术就是一种分离技术,一种筛分技术,当溶剂和一些分子量较低的溶质,受到来自液体的压力时,溶质会经过超滤膜的微孔从一侧到达另一测[5],剩下的分子量较高的溶质就会被截留,然后从液体中分离出来。一般来说,超滤膜的主要性能有两个即分离和物化,前者主要包含截留分子量以及纯水通量等,而后者主要包含耐药性,以及耐热性等。相对于其他水处理技术而言,超滤膜技术具有很多无可比拟的优势:第一,超滤膜化学稳定性高,可耐高温、耐酸、耐碱,因此对进水水质要求不高,通用性强;第二,超滤膜技术原理简单,容易实现自动化运转,节约劳动力,且操作简便、易于维护,运行安全稳定;第三,超滤膜技术属于物理方法,在水处理过程中并不需要添加任何化学药剂[6],因此可有效防止水体出现二次污染的情况;第四,超滤膜技术效率高,处理水量大,尤其是对污染较小的城市饮用水处理,展现出极高的工作效率[7]。
1.1.2超滤膜技术在水处理中的应用
水资源问题一直以来都是人们最关注的的问题之一,尤其是伴随着社会的发展,时代的变迁,水资源匮乏,污染等问题加剧,出现了更多的水质问题。水中的有害物质包括有机物质,如丙烯腈,苯酚等,重金属如汞,镉,铅等,还有各种病原体,如病毒、病菌、寄生虫等。水资源污染包括以下几个方面:一生活污水,生活清洁、垃圾和废气引起水体污,含有大量碳水化合物和磷,硫,氮等营养成分,从水中进入富营养化水,产生恶臭[8]。二工业废水包括冶金,石油化工,皮革,造纸等行业,其特点是排放,品种多,污染成分多样,毒性大,危害性严重。三农业灌溉,主要是越来越多的农药,化肥的使用。所以在水处理领域中,膜技术应运而生。
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