纳滤过程中不同类型盐截留率随盐浓度的变化毕业论文
2022-03-29 19:46:54
论文总字数:19749字
摘 要
纳滤膜是一种具有分离特性的,介于超滤膜与反渗透膜之间的新型压力驱动膜,因其能有效分离大分子有机物及二价盐,目前被广泛应用于各类废水处理。实际应用中发现不同类型盐的截留率随浓度呈现不同的变化趋势,故本文采用DK纳滤膜对低浓度范围(1-50 mol/m3)的NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、K2SO4、MgCl2水溶液进行纳滤实验,参阅文献并结合模型深入探究盐溶液的类型及浓度对截留率的影响。首先对不同浓度一价盐溶液体系进行纳滤实验,然后对不同浓度二价盐溶液体系进行相同纳滤实验,得到相应截留率数值。在实验过程中,控制温度和pH值,改变压力,并在对应压力下的浓缩侧和渗透侧取样测定电导率,计算截留率。结果表明:Na2SO4、K2SO4和NaCl、KCl有相同截留率变化趋势,均随着盐浓度的增加而变小,原因是随着离子浓度的增加,膜等效荷电密度升高,电荷屏蔽作用增强,道南效应减弱;而MgCl2的截留率随着盐浓度的增加而变大,原因是随着离子浓度的增加,Mg2 与膜发生特性结合,使膜等效荷电密度升高,静电排斥作用和介电排斥作用均增强。
关键词:纳滤膜;截留率;盐浓度
The nanofiltration process of different types of salt retention varies with the concentration of salt solution
Abstract
Nanofiltration membrane is a kind of new pressure driven membranes, which has separation characteristics between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane. Because of its effective separation of macromolecular organic matter and divalent salt, it is widely used in various types of wastewater treatment. In the practical application, the rejection rate of different types of salt is found to vary with different concentration. Salt solutions(KCl, NaCl, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgCl2) were filtrated with a commercially available DK nanofiltration membrane to explore the type of salt solution and the influence of concentration on the rejection rate, by seeing literature and combined with the model, the concentration of them was in the range from 1 to 50 mol/m3. First of all taking nanofiltration experiments in different concentrations of monovalent salt solution system, then the same experiments were taken in different concentrations of divalent salt solution system, getting the corresponding rejection rate. During the experiment, the temperature and the pH value are controlled, the pressure is changed, and the conductivity was measured at the concentration side and the permeate side under the corresponding pressure,then the retention rate was calculated. The results showed that Na2SO4 and K2SO4 have the same retention rate as that of NaCl and KCl, which decreased with the increase of the salt concentration, the reason is that with the increase of ion concentration, equivalent charge density is increased, the shielding effect is enhanced, the Donnan effect is weakened; while the rejection rate of MgCl2 increased with the increase of salt concentration, the reason is that with the increase of the concentration, Mg2 and the membranethe have characteristic combination, which makes equivalent charge density of the membrane increase, and both electrostatic repulsion and dielectric exclusion enhance.
Key Words: Nanofiltration membrane; Rejection rate; Salt concentration
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第一章 文献综述 1
1.1 纳滤膜的研究意义和发展前景 1
1.2 纳滤膜的主要特征 2
1.2.1 纳滤膜的荷电性质 2
1.2.2 纳滤膜的孔结构 3
1.3 纳滤膜的性能 3
1.3.1 截留性能参数 4
1.3.2 电学性能参数 4
1.4 纳滤模型 4
1.4.1 DSPM模型 5
1.4.2 DSPM-DE模型 7
1.5 纳滤膜性能的影响因素 7
1.6 纳滤膜的应用 9
1.7 课题研究意义及方法 10
第二章 实验部分 11
2.1 引言 11
2.2 实验设备与实验材料 11
2.2.1 实验设备 11
2.2.2 表征仪器 12
2.2.3 实验材料 13
2.3 实验内容 13
第三章 结果与讨论 16
3.1 膜的表征 16
3.1.1 纯水通量测定 16
3.1.2 孔径与膜厚表征(葡萄糖) 17
3.1.3 硫酸镁截留率 18
3.2 盐溶液截留率实验 18
3.2.1 NaCl和KCl截留率 18
3.2.2 Na2SO4和K2SO4截留率 20
3.2.3 MgCl2截留率 21
第四章 结论与展望 22
4.1 结论 22
4.2 展望 22
参考文献 23
致谢 26
第一章 文献综述
1.1 纳滤膜的研究意义和发展前景
膜分离技术是指通过膜的选择透过性作用,在化学位差或外界能量的推动下对混合物中的溶质和溶剂进行分离,提纯和富集[1]。相比复杂的传统过滤技术,膜分离技术利用混合物的物理特性进行分离,属于低能耗分离方式,膜分离的整个过程可以不在化学反应中进行,并且能够保证没有污染,操作起来更加简单方便[2]。因此,膜分离技术在化工、轻工、纺织、冶金、石油和医药等领域有着广泛的应用,发挥着节能、清洁和环保等作用,在国民经济中有着重要的地位[3]。
纳滤(Nanofiltration,简称NF) 是一种介于反渗透和超滤之间的新型分离技术,它是在反渗透基础上发展起来的,虽然从出现至今仅有30多年历史,但它在水的软化,抗生素、多糖、染料等百量级分子量物质的纯化、分离等领域有着较好的应用,可部分替代蒸发、沉降和过滤等工艺,成为精细化工和生物制药中高效节能单元操作之一。另外,NF技术还可用于氨基酸分离,食品脱色,多肽的纯化及浓缩等方面[4]。
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