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1. Introduction

1.1 Jane Austen and Emma

Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Although she didn’t go to the regular schools to receive education, the superior reading environment of her family provided the self-study condition for her. Under the guidance of her parents, she read a lot of literary works, which cultivated her interest in writing.

She began writing at the age of 20, and there were six novels published during her lifetime. In 1811, she had the first novel Sense and Sensibility published, followed by Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Garden (1814), and the last novel Emma (1816). Northanger Abbey (1818) and Persuasion (1818) were published posthumously. All these novels are treated as classics of the world literature, for which literary critic even equated her with Shakespeare. Curiously, due to the lack of acceptance of women authors at that time, her major novels were published anonymously, and Austen was not associated with them until after her death. Austen’s novels were witty, warm and ironic portraits of the privileged classes of the 18^th and 19^th century England.

Just like in other novels of hers, Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian-Regency England; she also creates a lively comedy of manners among her characters in Emma, considered the most mature work of Austen’s in terms of artistic and ideological content as well as the best work that can represent her writing style. The book, published two hundred years ago, has been popular among readers ever since. Nowadays, it has been translated into dozens of languages and recognized as the world classic and there is no exception to the Chinese market. At present, there are two kinds of publication in terms of Emma in China: the Chinese and the English versions. The latter are increasingly popular in the Chinese readers, which should attribute its success to the environment that they show great enthusiasm over learning English. We believe that the introduction of this classic is of great value to enhance their humanistic accomplishments for contemporary readers, the young in particular.

1.2 Need for the study

Austen expressed her own opinions of love by outlining all aspects of the gentry’s stratum in Britain, which made the daily life and the ordinary people of that era become vividly funny in the novel Emma. Austen’s realistic thought broke with the orthodoxy of that time and gave great enlightenment to us, the modern people. Today, Emma has become the treasure of the world literature and enjoyed wide popularity among readers of different ages. This thesis will give a detailed analysis of the transition of the titular heroine Emma’s character that had been vividly described in the novel as well as point out the major factors that contribute to these changes.

1.3 Previous studies on Emma

Emma gains abundant attention from the critics both at home and abroad. In modern times, many scholars focus on its writing techniques. Frances Ferguson (2000) analyzes Austen’s free indirect style and the marriage plot. Catherine Dybiec Holm (2005) studies the storytelling style in Emma based on the point that writing is a reflection of the consciousness of society and the tends in communication in general, concluding that societal trends are reflected in Emma in the way that it reads, or perhaps this can be said of all writing. Deanna K. Kresisel (2007) focuses on “the marriage plot in Emma”. Apart from the perspective of writing techniques, some critics focus on the theme “hierarchical society.” In Janet Todd’s (2007) The Anxiety of Emma, verbal and social anxieties, as well as the social ranks are discussed.

Chinese scholars also contribute to the studies of Emma, mainly interpreting its artistic features, feminism, and characterization. Wu Yueming and Fujun (1991) explore “Emma’s growth” from her failing match-making for Harriet, and her own self-reflection. Irony in Emma also gains a wide discussion and Lin Wenchen interprets it as based on “the inconsistency between character’s subjective view and the reality”, and the conflicts between sense and sensibility (112). Chen Sheng (2005) discusses the ironical effect achieved by the disparity in the narrative perspective and narrative voice. Some critics pay attention to the characters of the novel, such as Huang Mei’s (2008) exploring the elder of different social groups and giving concerns to the social relationship, which is influenced by the disintegration of agricultural society. Xiao Xuenong and Zhou Xueying (2008) discuss the “feminist awareness” which is based on the social background in the 18^th century. An Qi (2010) probes into the similarities of the two female characters who have a minor position.

By collecting data, the author of the thesis finds that some scholars have studied and analyzed the heroine Emma’s characteristics. For example, Cui Huiyong discusses growth of Emma’s character, from ignorance to maturity while Luo Shenglan (2011) gives an overall description of Emma’s character. On the contrary, Wang Hongli (2007) discusses the precious personality defects in Emma’s Image Analysis.

Although the massive dialogues in Emma are employed by current critics to study the social background, to explore the narrative techniques and Feminism, there are few scholars analyzing the transition of Emma’s character. The present thesis makes an attempt and finds out some relevant causes, thus able to both reveal the personality of the character and the power relation, and to help the reader gain a better comprehension of the novel. Therefore, we believe it is of great significance for us to set up the correct outlook on marriage and educate ourselves properly.

1. Transition of Emma’ s Character

This chapter analyzes the shift of Emma’s character from jealous to friendly, from self-conceited to modest and prudent, from impulsive to rational, from prejudiced to acceptable, from never married to married, thus able to fulfill her womanhood.

• 1. From jealous to friendly

Emma is a lady of the middle class in Highbury, attractive, bright and rich; however, Jane Fairfax is also an excellent girl of her age, very delicate, graceful, clever, and polite. When Jane comes back to Highbury, Emma is surprised at her elegance; therefore, she admires and is secretly jealous of Jane Fairfax. Especially when these two young ladies are given some music that evening at Hartfied, which makes Emma see the big difference between Jane and herself. For instance, Jane Fairfax can do lots of things better than she has attempted but never finished, say, playing the piano. Furthermore, when Emma feels she is sorry to have to pay civilities to a person she does not like Jane to always politely respond to her insincere greeting and care.

Although Jane does not possess much wealth her mental superiority makes Emma reflect upon the past and regret about herself: “So cold, so false! I am like putting on a play, and that is a kind of life to deceive others” (Austen 412)! Finally, Emma says with sincerity which no one can query, “She [Jane] is a sort of elegant creature that one cannot keep one’s eyes from. I am always watching her to admire” (Austen 423)… Furthermore, there is a time when Emma visits Miss Bates, she gets the news that Jane is suffering from a headache, and Emma shows sincere interest and feels sorry for Jane’s bitter experience. At the same time she remembers the pianoforte and the remembrance of all her former fanciful and unfair conjectures is not pleasing, so when she knows Jane is going to be a governess in Mrs. Cole, she shows her good wishes, “I hope this new position will calm poor Jane’s fears” (Austen 366). From that time on, Emma has become kinder to Jane. And when Jane is leaving Highbury, Emma shows concern over her. Emma and Jane have never been good friends, and now she feels guilty of showing coldness towards Jane as well as envying her talents. She tries to make friends with Jane and help her find a job. From this incident, we can see that Emma is eventually convinced of Jane’s kindness and superior performance and decides to be friendly to Jane.

• 1. From self-conceited to modest and prudent

After reading the novel, we may fall in love with the charming heroine for her merits and faults as well. Sometimes Emma is very much like a conceited child. She thinks a little too high of herself and always does everything in her own way as can be proved by the description “Emma doing [did] just what she liked; highly esteeming Miss Taylor’s judgment, but directed chiefly by her own” (Austen 2). There are also some specific examples, one being that she insists that Harriet should marry an upper-class man and persuades her to reject Mr. Martin’s marriage proposal without considering how Harriet really feels, and the other being that she always looks down on Miss Bates whose social rank is lower than she at the beginning. For example, Emma insults Miss Bates at the Box Hill, thinking that she cannot play the word games and mocks at Miss Bates: “That what is good and what is ridiculous are most unfortunately blended in her” (Austen 359).

Luckily, Mr. Knightley criticizes Emma’s arrogance to Miss Bates, hoping that Emma will treat Miss Bates with respect. After arriving home, Emma feels upset about her behaviours toward Miss Bates at Box Hill. She decides she will no longer be impolite to dear Miss Bates. Here are two inner monologues from Emma:

“If attention in future could do away the past she might hope to be forgiven. She (Emma herself) had been often remiss, for conscience told her so; remiss, perhaps, more in thought than fact; scornful, ungracious. But it should be so no more” (Austen 363). In the first monologue, Emma thinks what she has done is all right, never viewing her action will do harm to others, but we can see that she has already realized what a terrible person she used to be and now she decides not to be so any more.

The other monologue is that “What had she (Emma herself) to wish for? Nothing, but that the lessons of her past folly might teach her humility and circumspection in future” (Austen 457), which shows Emma has had the wish to learn a lesson from the past and she is well aware of the importance of cautiousness. From these two examples, we can get the idea that Emma’s awareness of being prudent has come into being. Besides, Emma decides to go to the Bates’ home for a visit on the very next morning and “it should be the beginning on her side, of a regular, equal, kindly intercourse (Austen 363)”, which implies that she has abandoned her arrogance and grown into modesty.

• 1. From impulsive to rational

Another obvious transition of Emma’s character is from impulsive to rational. Because of the contribution to Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston’s marriage, Emma becomes keen on matchmaking. However, she never makes a match according to the reality, but with fantasy and spur of the moment, which leads to many jokes. First of all, Emma persuades Harriet to break up with Mr. Martin and to be close to the priest Mr. Elton, with whom Emma is the one that Mr. Elton fall in love. After this failure, Emma arranges another matchmaking for Harriet, thinking that Frank will be the best choice, for he saved Harriet once. But the truth is that Frank has been engaged to Jane Fairfax. From these stories we know that Emma does things relying on her emotion and impulse instead of analyzing the objective facts.

It is gratifying that when everything is illuminated Emma feels completely guilty of what she has done to Harriet. “Had I not, with a folly which no tongue could express, prevented her marrying the unexceptionable young man who would have made her happy and respectable in the line of life to which she ought to belong, all would have been safe; none of this dreadful sequel would have been (Austen 396)”. This narration is the conclusion of the series of her reflections, which shows that she has had the mind to be rational while finding that she has been risking her friend’s happiness on most insufficient grounds. Just because of the initiation of ration, she finally makes up her mind never to do silly things again and so she does.

A second instance can equally indicate that Emma has changed her character from impulsive into rational. When Frank goes to London merely to have his hair cut, Emma immediately discerns Frank’s vanity, extravagance, love of change, and restlessness of temper, and there is an air of foppery and nonsense in it. But after a period of getting along with each other, Emma agrees with the evaluation that Mr. Weston makes to Frank “How attentive and pleasant a companion he made himself——how much she saw to like in his disposition altogether. He appeared to have a very open temper——certainly a very cheerful and lively one (Austen 198)”. When Emma hears Mr. Knightley making a comment about Frank :“ Hum! Just the trifling, silly fellow I took him for” (Austen 199), she gives an explanation that “He [Mr. Knightley] is not a trifling, silly young man. if he were……to defend its own vanities. No, I am perfectly sure that he is not trifling or silly” (Austen 205). As we can see from this example that Emma disagrees with the evaluation that Mr. Knightley summarizes about Frank. She begins to defend Frank from the fact. This conversation clearly reveals the change that Emma has made. She will not judge a person only from her emotion but based on the reality. These show that Emma has become rational rather than judge a person with temerity.

• 1. From prejudiced to acceptive

Emma likes to be a matchmaker, but the way she follows is prejudiced. At first, Emma always judges a person subjectively, often believing that her opinions are correct and fair. For example, she admires Harriet’s beauty and is very content with her manners so she soon decides she will find a husband for Harriet. Surprisingly, she hears that Harriet has been spending time with a young man called Mr. Robert Martin whose family rents a farm from Mr. Knightley. However, Emma believes Harriet’s soft blue eyes and natural graces should not be wasted on the inferior society of Highbury and its connections. She believes that “The acquaintance she (Harriet) had already formed were unworthy of her. The friends (the family of Martin) form whom she had just parted, though very good sort of people, must be doing her harm” (Austen 14). Out of prejudice, Emma asserts that the family of Martin must be coarse and unpolished, and very unfit to be the intimates of a girl who wants only a little more knowledge and elegance to be quite perfect.

In Emma’s view, Harriet deserves a better husband, one with more education and wealth while Martin’s wife should also be a farmer’s daughter without receiving any good education. Due to her prejudice against social status, she thinks that Harriet and Martin belong to different classes. She believes Harriet and Mr. Elton would be an excellent match as can be shown in the statement, “Mr. Elton is good-humoured, cheerful, obliging, and respectable (Austen 29)”. Besides, Mr. Elton’s situation is most suitable, who is quite the gentleman himself and has no low connections.

However, in fact, Martin is smart, honest, diligent, and compassionate. He is interested in agriculture and does not care about superficial decency. As she becomes acquainted with Robert Martin, his good sense and good principles delight Emma. She is eventually for Mr. Knightley’s just judgment about Robert Martin whose manners have sense, sincerity, and good-humor to recommend them and whose mind has more true gentility than Harriet Smith can understand. It’s easy to see that Emma alters her view on Martin. What’s more, when she gets the news from Mr. Knightley that Harriet is going to marry Martin, she replies with the brightest smiles and most sincerely wish them happy. In other words, Emma finally accepts Martin and she abandons prejudice against the underprivileged people. From her initial rejection to eventual willingness to accept Martin, we can see her growth and change. She becomes approachable.

• 1. From never-married to married

As we all know, marriage is a vital thing for almost everybody, but Emma’s attitude towards it is an inversion in this novel. At the beginning of the story, Emma is not interested in marriage at all. She tries to match the people around her, but declares that she will never marry. Harriet once asks her a question: “I do so wonder, Miss Woodhouse, that you should not be married, or going to be married——so charming as you are” (Austen 82). But the answer Emma gives is that she is not only “not going to be married at present, but have very little intention of ever marrying at all” (Austen 83). We can see from this dialogue that she barely has the idea to get married. Even once she decides that she will not when her father lives.

Nevertheless, when Harriet tells Emma she is attracted by Mr. Knightley, Emma is very shocked and soon realizes that she must marry no one but him. Emma has not realized how important he is in her life even though he watches over her when she is young. But this time her feelings has changed. She figures out she is about to lose him but she knows her happiness depends on her union with him. Fortunately, Mr. Knightley loves Emma all the time and finally comes to admit his love for Emma. When they return to the house from the shrubbery, Emma accepts Mr. Knightley’s proposal because she wants to be the only person that he loves in this life. Moreover, Emma consents to Mr. Knightley’s decision that he will move to Hartfield to live with her father if they are allowed to get married. She thinks that with this plan she can not only have the chance to marry but also be able to take care of her father. This is good for each of them. In this case, Emma believes that Mr. Woodhouse will lessen his hostility to Mr. Knightley and her plan to get married will be realized. Emma is so eager to marry Mr. Knightley; therefore, as long as there is a chance Emma will try her best to persuade her father to give his consent. The reason why she has a such strong desire is that she believes life will be easy to handle with if she can have a considerate and trustworthy soulmate in anxiety or depression. To Emma’s entreaties and Mr. Knightley’s sincere assurances, Mr. Woodhouse finally agrees on this marriage, which brings Emma true happiness. We can see that Emma finally changes her mind from never-married to married.

To err is human; however, not everyone can find their faults and modestly correct them like Emma, who has the consciousness of examining herself and learning from the mistake she makes. This is the most common process as well as the most effective way of a person’s growth. In fact, Emma is the representative figure of people who grow to maturity in this way, and it proves that she is successful.

1. Factors that Affect the Transition of Emma’s Character

We have analyzed Emma’s character transition in the previous chapter. Now this chapter will expound the factors that cause Emma’s changes.

• 1. Her self-reflection

Getting rid of her defects, Emma eventually grows to be a mature lady and gains her true love, which is attributed to her self-reflection and self-education. Ever time Emma conducts some mistakes, and there is always an inside view to her self-reproach. For instance, when knowing Mr. Elton attempts to chase her rather than Harriet, she is so astonished and ashamed that she sits down to meditate and she wishes that she has not persuaded Harriet to like the man. It is the first time that Emma finds that she has made a mistake and begins to examine her own conduct. Besides, although sometimes conceited, snobbish and subjective, Emma can calm down reflect on her sense. Here is an example in the novel. When Emma gets the news that Jane has been suffering from a headache and her mood is as low as possible, Emma’s heart is growing kind towards Jane; this picture of her present suffering acts as a cure of every former ungenerous suspicion and leaves her nothing but pity.

She also makes independent analyses and judgments after being lectured by Mr. Knightley on most things. One of the most obvious example is that at the end of the travel at Box Hill, Knightley criticizes Emma’s rudeness to Miss Bates. In the face of criticism, Emma has not been able to speak, but actually she has realized her mistake because the feelings of regrets have kept her face averted, and she feels so ashamed of herself that she can not utter a voice. The more she thinks about her own behaviour on the ride to Hartfield, the angrier she feels with herself. The tears run down her cheeks almost all the way home. As we can see in the novel, many of Emma’s behaviors are unsatisfactory. However, she gradually recognizes defects in her personality, which provides a chance for the transform of her personality. When all the truth is disclosed that Mr. Knightley makes a proposal to her, Frank Churchill makes his relationship with Jane Fairfax public and Harriet marries Robert Martin, which finally forces Emma to realize that not all things are like what she thinks. This recognition implies a total examination of herself.

• 1. The people around her

After experiencing so much, Emma does not only reflect herself, she also begins to recognize others’ merits and decides to sincerely learn from the people around her.

Firstly, Harriet Smith, a nice and humble girl arranged as a mirror to reflect Emma’s thoughts, helps her to find her own feelings about marriage. This can be excellently proved by the matchmakings Emma makes for Harriet. Every time Emma plans to find a husband for Harriet there is always an insistence that property and social rank should be the key to marriage, so she always tells Harriet that their own positions should fit and she even seriously warns Harriet not to have any relationship with them. “While you were in the smallest degree wavering, I said nothing about it, because I would not influence; but it would have been the loss of a friend to me. I could not have visited Mrs. Robert Martin, of Abbey Mill Farm (Austen51)”, which shows that Emma draws a clear line of demarcation with those who are uneducated or in the lower class. When Harriet tells Emma she is interested in Mr. Knightley, Emma feels surprisingly shocked and knows her real feelings for him. Therefore, to some extent, Emma and Mr. Knightley should owe their happy union to Harriet.

Secondly, kind Bates and talented Jane help the reformation of Emma’s personality. In the beginning, Emma dislikes Jane Fairfax because she feels Jane is cold and silent; moreover, she once envied Jane’s elegance and looked down upon Miss Bates. But no matter how rude Emma’s actions are, Miss Bates and Jane always treat her in a friendly and polite way, which makes her show kindness and respect for the two girls. Thanks to Bates and Jane, Emma finally learns to care about and respect others as well.

At last, Mr. Knightley is “one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse and the only on who ever told her of them” (Austen 8), for he is a reliable friend and a good adviser. He corrects Emma’s errors and helps her grow mentally. Most time he tells Emma precisely where her mistakes lie; each of his accusation can be to the point and does Emma much good. For example, he censures Emma for manipulating Harriet by making a match for her; he denounces her for gossiping and flirting with Frank Churchill; he blames her for being vain and proud; he criticizes her for being disrespectful and cruel in treating Miss Bates. Each time after his criticism Emma grows spiritually and makes a big step to maturity.

• 1. Her family

As we all know, the influence of environment on people is huge. In the process of Emma’s transition, her family is one of the factors that can not be ignored. We have been told directly about her living environment at the beginning of the first chapter: “Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home…; she was the youngest of the two daughters of a most affectionate, indulgent father; sixteen years had Miss Taylor been in Mr. Woodhouse’s family, less as a governess than a friend, very fond of both daughters, but particularly of Emma. Between them it was more the intimacy of sisters” (Austen 2), from which we can see that the family Emma lives in a wealthy family and she enjoys almost all the privileges all the time. This can account for Emma’s arrogance and self-conceit. But at the same time it is a favorable conditions just because “The Woodhouse were first in consequence there. All looked up to them. She had many acquaintance, for her father was universally civil (Austen 4)”, then Emma can get the best chance to be well educated, and makes those great friends who all have pleasant manners. As for Emma’s father Mr. Woodhouse, though well loved everywhere for the friendliness of his heart and amiable temper, he hates changes of every kind. Moreover, he regards matrimony as the origin of change, and it is almost impossible for him to witness his own daughter’s marriage. Therefore, the father’s disagreement is one of the reasons for Emma’s declaration of never getting married. However, he changes his mind in the end, thinking “ the strength, resolution, and presence of mind of the Mr. Knightley commanded his fullest dependence (Austen 465)”. Then, we are happy to see that Emma changes her attitude from never getting married to be married. Therefore, Emma is easily affected by the atmosphere of her family, which gives her the possibility of self educating and self improving.

• 1. The society she lives in

Emma’s transition is the need not only of her own but also of the society she lives in. In the 18^th century, “reason”, a very famous term, forces her to abandon her delusional system. Meanwhile, morality became a focus of concern and everyone needed morality as guidance, and this trend lasted until the early 19^th century when the primary standard of judging a person was self-cultivation in Britain. As is known to all, the British Victorian era is famous for its morality. With the development of British Capitalism, in order to safeguard the interests of the nobility and the bourgeois, the ruling class adhered to the “moral” to regulate people’s behavior. What’s more, “the representative of 19^th century utilitarianism Muller stuck to the effect of the behavior to evaluate people’s behavior and personality, and regarded it as the basis of moral evaluation” (Ma 23). From a person’s behaviours, polite manners as well as attitudes toward someone, people can get the information whether the person is cultured or has a good quality. In addition, Miss Woodhouse is so great a person in Highbury, and the friends and neighbours she gets on with are mostly cultured such as Mr. Weston, a native of Highbury who has a respectable family and Mr. Elton who is a cheerful and obliging gentleman. As a middle-class woman, Emma has to keep her words and behaviors fit for her position. Otherwise, just as the Liu Dan says “She can not honor the surrounding’s appreciation; neither can she enjoy a happy life in such a big harmonious environment” (38). Therefore, she is bound to change her personality due to the social reality.

1. Conclusion

Throughout the story, Emma is capable of the introspection and overcomes shortcomings during the course of her character growth. At the very beginning, Emma has some personality defects such as jealousy, self-conceit, prejudice, subjectivity, impulse and she even makes the decision that she will never marry, but under the influence of her families and friends, she not only faces up to her mistakes but also learns a lot from them, thus able to become a more mature lady who is friendly, modest, prudent, rational as well as approachable. Especially she should owe gratitude to Mr. Knightly from whom she learns how to respect and care for others. After Emma discovers her own faults, she is brave enough to admit them and spares no effort to remedy them. In this process, she becomes a mature lady and eventually finds her true love. All of these positive changes come from the influence of her self-education and those people around her , her family as well as the society she lives in.

The transition of Emma’s character indicates that we modern people should learn to position themselves and reflect themselves when faced with the same dilemma as Emma encounters. In Emma’s growth process, her awakening and positive attitude enlightens us that we must learn to recognize our errors and constantly sum up experience from our mistakes during the process of personal growth. Besides, Emma’s final mental maturity reflects women’s progress and growth in the early 19^th century; therefore, this thesis can somewhat inspire the modern women to improve themselves so as to get real maturity as well as to adapt themselves to the development of this competitive society.

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