基于口语语料库的当代大学生汉语动宾搭配使用研究外文翻译资料
2022-11-11 15:05:47
1.Introduction
Collocations have been recognized as one of the ways that differentiate native speakers and second language learners. If a non-native speaker wants to help someone, she/he will say, 'Can I help you?' whereas a native speaker will say, 'Can I give you a hand?' (Salkauskiene, 2002). English is full of collocations, recurrent combinations of words that co-occur more often than expected by chance. Why do we say last year and not last hour? And why do we go somewhere by car or by train but on foot? The reason is collocation. ' Knowing the meaning of a word not only requires knowing its dictionary definition; one must also know the type of words with which it is often associated. Collocations, either fixed or more flexible, are the result of many years of habitual use by fluent speakers of the English' (Prodromou, 2004). It is believed that automation of collocations helps native speakers to express themselves fluently since it provides chunks of English that are ready to use. Second and foreign language learners, however, because of lacking this automation, may make non-native errors when producing utterances. In order to achieve native-like competence and fluency, second and foreign language learners need to be aware that an important part of language acquisition is the ability to comprehend and produce collocations as unanalyzed chunks. Both learners and teachers of the English realize how complicated the area of collocation is. Lewis (2000) encourages teachers to raise students awareness of collocations and to initiate their own action research to make sure the changes they make are of benefit to students. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different views regarding definition and classification of collocations, the importance of teaching collocation, the main sources of collocational errors and to suggest some methodologies and materials for teaching collocation in ESL/EFL classrooms.
2.Literature Review
The word collocation is a relatively new addition to the lexicon of English but defining collocation is a challenge since the term collocation has been a common concern among linguists, lexicographers and language pedagogues recently. However, it is not possible to discuss all of these perspectives in this essay. Therefore the researcher mentions some basic and general views regarding collocation in this section.
Collocation, originated from the field of lexicon studies, is a term defined and understood in many different ways (Bahns, 1993). Generally, there were two different sides of assertions about this term. One of them argued that collocation was related to meaning; the other argued that collocation was not a semantic relation between words.
For the assertion that collocation was concerning meaning, Firth has been regarded as the one responsible for bringing the term into prominence in the field of lexicon study (Carter amp;McCarthy, 1988; Hill, 2000). In Firths view, the meaning of a word should be known by the company it keeps.In other words, collocation is the meaning of a word and its relationship with other words (ibid). Such a notion about collocation is often applied to the subsequent researches related to collocation.
McIntosh (1961) took Firths viewpoint into further discussion. He added the notion of ranges,which meant, as Palmer (1976) defined, that a word might be used with a whole set of words that had some semantic features in common. An example of a range was the list of nouns, such as metal, iron, and lava, which might be qualified by the adjective molten. In McIntoshs opinion, words have only a certain tolerance of compatibility. Such knowledge of ranges helps to distinguish the acceptable collocations from unacceptable ones. (ibid). Similar to McIntosh (1961) and Palmer (1976), Bolinger and Sears (1981) also mentioned that the ranges and variety of collocations are enormous. They regarded collocation as “a kind of habitual association of words” and asserted that collocations resulted from native speakers experiences of the expressions, repeated again and again in certain given circumstances. Therefore, depending on the context, the collocations, like good chance, high probability, and strong likelihood, might be considered acceptable, but the collocations like strong chance, good probability, and high likelihood, unacceptable. Based on Lewis idea, “collocations are those combinations of words which occur naturally with greater than random frequency. Collocations co-occur, but not all words which co-occur, are collocations” (Lewis, 1997, p.44).Collocation also has been defined as a habitual association of words that co-occur with mutual expectancy. In other words, the collocations, like rancid butter, great probability and drug addict are words or phrases which are arbitrary (Nattinger amp; DeCarrico,1992,p.56).
Sinclair (1966), in a volume of papers in memory of Firth, showed an interest in generating lexical sets by the use of collocation. For Sinclair, grammar and lexis are two different aspects. Grammar can be described by structures (syntagms) and systems (paradigms), while the second one is lexical items collocating with one another-collocations and sets respectively. According to Sinclair, collocation refers to as the co-occurrence of two words, but this co-occurrence is not indicative of two words occurring as a small fixed grammatical set. Instead, it has two important features. First, there may be several or many words between the two relevant items or the two relevant items may even occur over sentence boundaries. Second, collocation is independent of grammatical types. In other words, collocation is not analyzed by grammatical structures. The examples “he argued strongly,” “the strength of his,argument,” “his argument was strengthened” illustrate a constant relationship between the two words (Sinclair, 19
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1.简介
搭配被认为是区分母语人士和第二语言学习者的方法之一。如果非母语人士想要帮助某人,他/她会说,“我可以帮助你吗?”而母语人士会说:“我能帮你一把吗?”(Salkauskiene,2002年)。
英语中充满了搭配,反复出现的词汇组合比偶然发生的更频繁。为什么我们说“去年”而不是“最后一小时”?为什么我们去“开车”或“乘火车”但“步行”?原因是“搭配”。“了解单词的含义不仅需要知道它的字典定义;还必须知道它经常与之相关的单词类型。搭配,无论是固定的还是更灵活的,都是说话者多年习惯使用的结果英语。”(Prodromou,2004)。据信,搭配的自动化有助于母语人士流利地表达自己,因为它提供了可以使用的英语“块”。然而,由于缺乏这种自动化,第二和外语学习者在产生话语时可能会产生非本地错误。为了达到类似本土的能力和流利程度,第二语言和外语学习者需要意识到,语言习得的一个重要部分是能够理解和产生作为未分析块的搭配。英语的学习者和教师都意识到搭配区域有多复杂。刘易斯(2000)鼓励教师提高学生的搭配意识,并开展自己的行动研究,以确保他们所做的改变对学生有益。本研究的目的是调查关于搭配定义和分类的不同观点,教学搭配的重要性,搭配错误的主要来源,并为ESL / EFL教室中的教学搭配提出一些方法和材料。
- 文献综述
单词搭配是对英语词汇的一个相对较新的补充,但定义搭配是一个挑战,因为术语搭配一直是语言学家、词典编纂者和语言教学者最近共同关注的问题。但是,在本文中不可能讨论所有这些观点。因此,研究人员在本节中提到了一些关于搭配的基本和一般观点。
搭配起源于词典研究领域,是一个以多种不同方式定义和理解的术语(Bahns,1993)。一般来说,关于这个术语的认定有两个不同的方面。其中一人认为搭配与意义有关;另一方认为搭配不是单词之间的语义关系。
关于搭配与意义相关的认定,Firth被认为是负责在词典研究领域突出该术语的人(Carter&McCarthy,1988; Hill,2000)。在弗斯看来,一个词的含义应该受它所保留的搭配事务影响。换句话说,搭配是一个词的含义及其与其他词的关系(同上)。这种关于搭配的概念经常应用于随后的搭配研究。
McIntosh(1961)将Firth的观点纳入了进一步的讨论。他补充了范围的概念,这意味着,正如帕尔默(1976)所定义的那样,一个单词可能与一整套具有一些共同语义特征的单词一起使用。范围的一个例子是名词列表,例如金属,铁和熔岩,它们可能被形容词熔化所限定。在McIntosh看来,单词只具有一定的兼容性。这种范围的知识有助于区分可接受的搭配与不可接受的搭配。(同上)。类似于McIntosh(1961)和Palmer(1976),Bolinger和Sears(1981)也提到了搭配的范围和种类是巨大的。他们认为搭配是“一种习惯性的词汇联想”,并断言搭配是由母语人士的表达经历引起的,在某些特定情况下反复重复。因此,根据上下文,搭配,如良好的机会,高概率和强可能性,可能被认为是可接受的,但是诸如强机会,良好概率和高可能性的搭配是不可接受的。根据刘易斯的观点,“搭配是自然发生的大于随机频率的单词组合。搭配共同发生,但并非所有共同发生的词都是搭配”(Lewis,1997,p.44)。协作也被定义为与共同期望共存的词语的习惯性联想。换句话说,像腐臭的黄油,极大概率和吸毒成瘾的搭配是任意的词或短语(Nattinger&DeCarrico,1992,p.56)。
辛克莱(Sinclair,1966)在一系列关于弗斯的文章中表达了对利用搭配产生词汇集的兴趣。对于辛克莱来说,语法和词汇是两个不同的方面。语法可以通过结构(语法)和系统(范例)来描述,而第二个是分别与彼此并置的词汇项目 - 搭配和集合。根据辛克莱的说法,搭配指的是两个单词的共现,但这种共现并不表示两个单词是作为一个小的固定语法集出现的。相反,它有两个重要的特征。首先,两个相关项之间可能有几个或多个单词,或者两个相关项甚至可能出现在句子边界上。其次,搭配与语法类型无关。换句话说,搭配不是通过语法结构来分析的。“他强烈论证”,“他的论证力量”,“他的论点得到加强”的例子说明了两个词之间的恒定关系(Sinclair,1966,p.42)。然而,另一方面,一些研究者对上述学者的观点持不同观点。例如,麦卡锡认为搭配是一种衔接手段。他声称搭配是指词汇项目共同发生的概率,而不是词汇之间的语义关系。(McCarthy,1991,p.65)。这种观点认为,搭配除了在句子中有意义外还有其他功能。另一个例子是Aghbar(1990)的声明。他提出,搭配的概念不是首次创造性的提出,事实上,人们有记忆之前已经听过或看过这些结构并使用它们。此外,Halliday和Hasan(1976年引用AL-Zahrani,1998)定义了话语方面的搭配。他们将搭配定义为“双词的凝聚效果”,例如火焰......蜡烛,王......冠和头发......梳子(AL-Zahrani,1998,p.19)。他们提出这些模式如果出现在相邻的句子中会产生一种凝聚力(同上)。然而,关于搭配,有一个通用的定义:“搭配松散固定,任意的循环词组合和整体的意义反映出来部分的含义。纯粹的机会,谋杀,密切关注和激烈的竞争都具有这一特征的特征”(Benson等,1986b,第23页)。他们还将搭配分为两类:词汇和语法搭配,将在下面讨论。
2.1搭配和其他单词组合
如果这些词语不受限制,可以通过多种方式组合单词以形成有意义的组。这就是为什么很难澄清搭配的概念。在这些可能的单词组合中,有些是固定的,有些是更松散的。为了更清楚地理解搭配,有必要区分搭配,成语和其他类型的单词组合(Bahns,1993; Wang,2001; Wu,1996),尽管这些组合非常类似于另一种,甚至在某种意义上,属于搭配类别(同上)。伍德(1981)采用语义和句法标准来区分搭配与成语,搭配和自由组合。在伍德的观点中,成语完全是非成分性和非生产性的,而自由组合则完全是成分和生产力。“搭配是一个单词与另一个单词共存的方式,结合是一个单词与特定语法模式经常共同出现的方式,所以例如一些动词通常以特定时态出现,或者名词通常可能出现在人称代词之前,而不是长篇大论,例如“通过我/你的驾驶考试,这是我/你/我们的责任... ,但我将负责“等等(Wood,1981,p.87)。
基于Howarth的模型,有四类词组合:
(a)自由组合:自由组合的含义从个别元素的字面意义解释,例如饮茶。
(b)受限制的搭配:受限制的搭配在组成元素的选择中受到更多限制,并且通常在专门的上下文中使用一个组件,例如执行任务。
(c)比喻习语:比喻成语具有整体的隐喻意义,可以某种方式告诉它的字面解释,例如掉头。
(d)纯粹的习语:一个纯粹的成语是一个单一的单位,其含义完全不可预测其组成部分的含义,如吹箫。
此外,Benson等人。(1986b)区分了与其他单词组合的搭配,例如化合物,习语,过渡组合(过渡搭配)和自由组合。以下是五种类型的单词组合的摘要,从最固定的组合到最自由的组合列出。
1.合成词:最固定的单词组合,完全冻结,根本不可能有任何变化。标准化合物的实例是:软盘和能力测试,复合动词(或短语动词)的例证是突破。
2.成语:成语是指相对固定的表达,其含义不反映其组成部分的含义。成语的例证是:一石二鸟,翘辫子,泄露机密,等等。
3.过渡组合:其含义接近其组成部分的组合,被视为比搭配更加冷冻和变化。这样的实例是:为了旧时的缘故,生活的事实,处于紧张的地方等等。
4.搭配:它们是松散固定的,任意的循环词组合,整体的意义确实反映了部分的意义。纯粹的机会,谋杀,密切关注和激烈的竞争分享了这一类别的特征。
5.自由组合:自由组合被认为是所有组合中最不具有粘性的组合。它们的组成部分与其他词汇项目相结合是最自由的。
这种典型的组合是:想起奇遇(事件,事故)并分析(报告,调查)谋杀。
为回应Benson等人的观点(1986b,并且Bahns(1993)也承认,与成语不同,搭配的主要特征是它们的意义反映了它们组成部分的含义,而且与自由组合相比,它们经常也很容易被使用,并且在心理上很突出。换句话说,“自由组合和搭配之间,以及搭配和习语之间存在过渡区域”。(Cruse,1986,p.41)。
2.2搭配的分类
Hsueh,(2000)声称,当涉及到搭配的分类时,Benson等人(1986a)迄今为止一直是首屈一指的(Liu,1999a,Tsai,1996)。许多搭配研究(Bahns,1993; Chang,1997; Liu,1999a,1999b,2000a; Wang,2001)是通过使用Benson等人的方法进行的。主张搭配。根据Benson等人的观点,搭配可以系统地分为两大类:词汇搭配和语法搭配。词汇搭配可以由名词,形容词,动词或副词组成,如“最温暖的问候”,“严格准确”等。有七种类型的词汇搭配,从a到g标记,其结构和例子在后文有所展示。
中文综述
国外的研究较为注重词汇的搭配,例如韩礼德、弗里斯等人就对词汇搭配做了深入的研究,但国外学者对现代汉语搭配的研究几乎是空白的。国内,对于现代汉语动宾搭配的研究虽多,但是对于口语角度的动宾搭配研究也是少之又少。先看国内,在现代汉语动宾搭配方面,建国前后有较大的区别,建国前,学者们对于这一主题的研究刚刚起步,理论等还未成熟;建国后,中国的学者主动将国外的研究理论与汉语的实际相结合,从而使现代汉语的理论更加成熟化。自《马氏文通》以来,现代汉语动宾短语的研究在不断地发展,尤其是在文革后至今的几十年中,学者们对于动宾短语的研究在不断深入、同时也取得了丰硕的成果。在20世纪末期,新中国逐渐走向世界,对于动宾短语的研究也不仅仅局限于本体研究,而是以一种放眼世界的态度对此进行更深的研究。在口语方面的研究虽不多,仅几例,但研究表明,口语词汇搭配的差异的原因是词汇本身,搭配是词汇使用过程中必然出现的方式。
而汉语,作为一门有五千多年历史的语言,在时代的潮流中不断地发展。从以前的古代汉语,到当今的现代汉语,无不体现了中国人民的智慧和汉语的博大精深。但是,在口语上,却没有哪一个人能够将汉语尽善尽美地展现,多多少少会存在一定的错误,或许是失误,也可能是偏误。况且,仅仅100年来,就能够明显感受到现代汉语在口语上发生的变化。在我们的生活中所使用的口语,其实总是存在着一定的错误,虽然这并不影响我们理解,但是为了体现语言的严密性和合理性,本人对现代汉语口语进行了研究。本文通过对南京信息工程大学学生普通话测试中话题表述部分的分析,从语法语义语用三个方面入手,探究动宾方面产生错误的形式及原因。研究动宾结构的原因在于,本人浏览语料库后发现,动宾结构错误不占少数,且形式多样。研究此课题希望能够发现产生这种现象的原因,并为以后语言的发展打上“预防针”。当今世界形势导致了学汉语成为了新时代热潮,此项研究也为汉语国际教育中的口语教学提供了案例。
The translation of Literature Review
Foreign studies pay more attention to the collocation of vocabulary. For example, Halliday, Fries and others have done in-depth research on lexical collocation, but foreign scholars research on modern Chinese collocation is almost blank.Domestically, there are many studies on the matching of modern Chinese verbs, but there are few researches on the verb-objective combination of spoken language.First look at the domestic, in the modern Chinese verb-forward collocation, there is a big difference before and after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. Before the founding of the Peoples Republic, the scholars research on this topic has just started, and the theory is not yet mature. After the founding of the Peoples Republic, Chinese scholars took the initiative to abroad. The combination of research theory and the reality of Chinese makes the theory of modern Chinese more mature.Since the 'Ma Shi Wen Tong', the study of modern Chinese ver
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