大气科学服务范围越来越广 —对气象产品用户的评估外文翻译资料
2022-11-27 14:36:56
IMPROVING OUTREACH IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Assessment of Users of Climate Products
BY DAVID CHANGNON
Opportunities to enhance climate information and to integrate it into decisions continue to expand; however, successful transfer of this knowledge requires frequent interactions between atmospheric scientists and users.(P601)
To understand and bridge the climate information gap between users and climatologists, an “Applications in Climatology” course was developed in 1996 at Northern Illinois University (NIU) where students, under faculty direction, work in groups on weather/climate issues that users identified (Changnon 1998). A second goal was to give students hands-on experience in addressing practical climate problems (see Fig. 1 and Sidebar).(P601-602)
Over the past six years, the collection of students who took the applied course worked on 27 different projects and interacted with 16 decision makers from a broad range of weather-sensitive sectors, including agriculture, energy, futures markets, recreation, aviation, insurance, government, and television (Table 1). These projects have ranged from developing a decision model to assist those involved with annual natural gas purchasing decisions (Changnon et al. 1999, 2000), to assisting a swimming pool management company to determine the best time of the year to perform pool maintenance projects (Changnon et al. 2002a). The detailed research-to-development process has been described for these and other projects (Changnon 1998; Russo et al. 1999; Changnon et al. 2002b). This process involves the initial contact of the user, developing a problem statement, selecting appropriate approaches, discussing the enhanced climate products and climate relationship decision models, and estimating the potential value from using these climate tools in the decision process. After six years and 27 projects, we sought to assess the decision makersrsquo; reactions to the completed projects and determine how the experience altered their use of climate information. The projects, the knowledge trans-fer associated with them, and the assessment of these activities represent an outreach of science to users of atmospheric information.(P602)
During a recent AMS Atmospheric Policy Pro-gram public forum (Atmospheric Policy Program 2003) that focused on the use of seasonal climate fore-casts, a number of important issues surfaced. Many atmospheric scientists in attendance felt that use of seasonal forecasts would increase only when forecasts became more accurate, while others were less concerned about the accuracy of current forecasts and urged giving more attention to understanding how users integrated the forecast information into specific decisions. It was argued that although most users would like more accurate seasonal forecasts, they are looking for ways to integrate current forecasts with limited accuracy into todayrsquo;s decisions. In the future, it will be important, if not necessary, to seriously involve decision makers in product-related discussions if the atmospheric sciences community wants to enhance the use of climate information and expertise (National Research Council 2003). (P602)
The questionnaire focused on two broad issues. First, it questioned the use of the climate-related product completed for the decision maker (e.g., were results from the project evaluated or verified and were the results used in specific decisions, such as in planning, operation, or to evaluation of decisions/choices made?). Other questions asked whether the project products had been modified over time and, if so, how, and whether the user could estimate an annual financial benefit from product use. If the products had not been used, the reasons were identified. The second issue addressed more general questions related to the userrsquo;s perception of climate information and how being involved in the projects might have modified that view. For example, did the decision maker or others within the organization become more interested in obtaining climate-related information, and what level of importance did the decision maker place on interacting with someone with climate expertise. Other questions concerned sources of their climate information or expertise obtained and its frequency of use, and whether the decision maker would participate in future applied climate projects. We also sought their views on how the process of knowledge transfer might be improved in the future.(P603)
Results had been used in some form of future decision making (i.e., planning, operational decisions, and/or evaluation of decisions/choices made) in all but five projects. More than half (17 of 24) of the original “products” developed for the decision makers were modified over time (since completion of the original project) using other forms of climate (e.g., seasonal forecasts) and non-climate (national natural gas levels/prices) information. These changes revealed the need for an ongoing relationship of users with climatologists because most decision processes were dynamic and the variables involved were changing often.(P603)
When asked to estimate the financial benefit derived from the use of the project results 8 of 13 users said it was difficult to determine a direct value. Four of these eight users had meteorology backgrounds and disseminated the project results to others impacted by weather. The 5 users (out of 13) who estimated a benefit value indicated values ranging from $10,000 to $500,000 per year, similar to other reported climate use values (Changnon 2000, 2003).(P603)
When asked how essential it was for the user to have a climatologist available to discuss weather-related issues [based on a scale from 1 (not important) to 10 (absolutely necessary)], nine said “10,” one said “8,” one said “6,” and two said “2.” In terms of climate-related decisions, most decision makers indicated that they wou
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大气科学服务范围越来越广
—对气象产品用户的评估
DAVID CHANGNON
就目前的形式而言掌握更多气象信息并把这些信息融合到决策中的机会正在持续不断的扩大.然而这方面知识的成功转移与融合需要大气科学家与用户之间的频繁互动.(P601)
为了理解与弥合用户与气候学家之间关于气候信息的认识差距,1996年,北伊利诺伊大学的学生们在全体教员的指导下,小组合作,开展了一项名为“气候学应用”的课程,来探讨用户所认识到的天气或气候问题(Changnon 1998)。另外一个目的就是让学生们在演示实际的气候问题方面有实践操作的经验。(见图1和边栏)(P601-602)
在过去的六年里,选择这项应用课程的学生加入了27种不同的项目,并与来自同气象相关的部门(包括农业、能源、期货市场、娱乐、航空、保险、政府、电视部门)的16位决策者进行互动交流(表1)。这些项目从开发决策模型来帮助那些决定每年购买天然气的人(Changnon et al. 1999, 2000)到帮助一家泳池管理公司来决定一年当中实施泳池维护项目最好的时间(Changnon et al. 2002a)。这些项目以及其他的项目恰恰描述了从研究到开发的具体过程(Changnon 1998; Russo et al. 1999; Changnon et al. 2002b)。这一过程包括用户初始接触、陈述相关问题、选择适当办法、讨论不断增强的气候产品与气候关系决策模型以及评估在决策过程中使用这些气候产品的潜在价值。经过6年,经过这27个项目,我们试图评估决策者对这些项目的反应,试图确定这一经历是如何改变了他们对于气候信息的应用的。这些项目,与之相关的知识转移及对这些活动的评估都代表了科学对于气象信息使用者的服务范围扩大化。(P602)
在最近的AMS大气政策项目公共论坛(2003年大气政策项目)中,人们都聚焦于利用季节性气候预测,但许多重要的问题都显露出来。许多出席的大气科学家认为对季节性预测的利用只会在预测变得更准确时才会增加,而其他科学家对目前预测的准确性鲜有关注,他们更关注于去弄清楚用户是如何把预测信息同具体决策结合起来的。备受争论的是虽然大多数用户想获得更准确的季节预报,但他们却一直在寻找方法把目前准确性并不高的预测融入到今天的决策中去。未来,如果大气科学界想要加强对气候信息以及专业知识的利用的话,那么让决策者参与到产品相关讨论中去也是相当重要的(2003年国家研究委员会)。(P602)
调查问卷主要关注两大问题。第一,它质疑决策者对于所完成的气候相关产品的使用(例如缘于被评估或检验的项目以及在特定决策(计划、运作或对所作决策或者选择的评估)中所使用的成果)。其他的问题则质疑这些项目产品是否随着时间的推移进行修改,如果经过修改,那么用户是否可以从产品的使用中估算年度金融收益。如果用户没有使用产品,那么也就可以鉴别其中的缘由了。第二个问题更关注于同用户对气象信息的感知相关的大众化问题,更关注参与这些项目如何影响与改变之前的观点。例如:组织内部的决策者或者其他人对于获取气象相关知识是否更感兴趣以及决策者对于与拥有气象专业知识者互动的重视程度如何。其他的问题则关注气象信息资源或者他们所获得的专业知识,关注气象信息的使用频繁度以及决策者是否会加入到未来的气象应用项目当中。当然,对于未来如何提高知识转移这一过程,我们也在寻找不同的观点。(P603)
未来,在某种形式的决策中,可能都会使用到这样的结果(即计划、运作决策及对所作决策或选择的评估).当然,有五个项目除外。为决策者开发的超过一半(17/24)的原始产品随着时间的推移都被修改为使用其他形式的气象(例如季节预报)或非气象(全国天然气水平或价格)信息。这些变化显示出用户需要与气候学家建立长久的关系,因为大多数决策过程都是动态的,并且所涉及的变量也经常发生变化。(P603)
当用户被要求去估算在项目成果的使用中所产生的经济利益时,13个用户中有8个用户表示很难去定义它是否产生一种直接价值。这八个用户中有四个有气象学背景,并且把这些气象成果传播给其他受天气影响的用户。当然,13个用户中也有5个评估了受益值,结果表明,受益值从每年1万美元到50万美元不等,这一点与其他被报道的气象使用价值是相似的(Changnon 2000, 2003).(P603)
当用户被问及能有一位气象学家与自己共同讨论天气相关的问题有多么重要时,9个人说了“10”,1个人说了“8”,1个人说了“6”,还有2个人说了“2”(基于从1(不重要)到10(绝对必要)的比例)。在气象相关决策方面,大多数决策者表示他们希望每周都能与一位气象专家讨论相关问题,并且双方的互动频繁度取决于受天气影响的决策的类型。那些参与季节性决策(例如购买天然气或乙二醇,帮助进军未来市场的个体)的用户对于季节方面(例如厄尔尼诺现象)信息(尤其是当气候状况不断变化的时候)最感兴趣。然而那些参与运营决策(例如什么时候扩大服务领域或者为电视观众提供有效信息)的用户更喜欢更多地讨论或评估气候变量。基于这一有限的样本,对于大气科学家来说,似乎存在一种潜在的机会来传播气象信息,提高决策者的气象知识。(P604)
在关于这些项目的课程中,除了一位决策者,其他人都表示他们开始意识到从何处去获得气象信息以及专业知识。那些有气象学专业背景的决策者已经了解了大部分气象信息资源。决策者同相处融洽者一起从气象资源中获得相关信息或专业知识,这些他们觉得相处融洽和谐的人或机构组织包括国家气象办公室、地区气象中心、国家气象数据中心以及/或者私营企业。通常他们所寻求的信息资源及专业知识与用户所面临的抉择(计划或操作运营)是对等的。(P604)
国际航空公司的两个小组的决策者认识到两个有趣的问题。其中一组在这一项目上更关注乙二醇购买问题,而另一组则更注重开发一款晴空湍流预报产品。对于作出乙二醇购买决策的小组而言,他们的决策者之前从没认真考虑过在决策中有效使用气候信息,他们没有意识到这些信息的潜在价值。第二个问题是,这些项目代表了开发与气候相关的决策模型的第一步。由于这些项目必须经过小组成员的检测验证,才能被人们所接受并整合到企业决策过程中。而参与晴空湍流项目的用户则表示,项目中开发的决策模型的修改版本经过了两年才正式进入运作。这两个小组都显示出需要继续开展教育,扩大用户服务。通常,如果要验证成功与价值的话,气候学家与用户之间必须建立长期的关系。(P604-605)
在农业企业工作的两个决策者表示,从完成的项目中获取直接的经济价值是很困难的。然而一个间接的益处就是其他用户在他们的职业中利用气候信息的兴趣水平会不断提高。(P605)
如果气候学家想对决策过程产生影响,就必须与用户建立持久关系。
所有气候相关的决策模型都是动态的,必须进行评估,并定期进行修改更新。
决策者们很忙,需要及时的信息来为他们的需求服务。
让决策者们为他们的问题和需求作出解释。
在天气或气候风险管理方面,决策者必须明白气候信息及预测所带来的不确定性。
相互作用可以产生经济价值,这一点需要尽可能经常地去证明。
和对天气敏感的决策者一起工作的机会无处不在,存在于许多人都不抱期望的地区。对用户的评估应当是一项持续的活动。
气象学家或气候学家最好能开发专业化的或者具有附加值的气候信息,不管他们是来自于对天气敏感的组织还是工作于私人气象公司。(P605)
这次评估的最终结果强调,现在比以往任何时候都更需要训练有素的应用气象学家,尤其是可以直接同对天气敏感的用户一起工作,开发有用的决策模型用于管理气候风险的应用气象学家。大气科学界必须寻求新的方式来帮助对天气敏感的决策者。因为这些决策者经历了从使用政府机构和学者提供的大众化产品到使用更专业化的、可以被纳入各种各样的决策模型的工具。例如,在政府机构、学术界以及私营气象部门的个体合作必须教育并培养出一大批科学集成人才(2003年大气政策计划)。这些个体必须拥有各种各样的技能来解决日益增多的与气候相关的复杂问题。此外,联邦政府和美国气象学会继续支持不断扩大的服务活动是很重要的。在这些活动中,大气科学家和决策者参加备受关注的互动研讨会,辨别用户受天气或气候影响的时间与程度,增强用户对于存在的气象信息、数据、预测以及服务等的意识,开发气象信息到决策过程传递加强的方式。(P605)
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