幼儿愤怒情绪与坚持性外文翻译资料
2023-01-04 11:07:07
幼儿愤怒情绪与坚持性
愤怒是一种基本的消极情绪,在儿童社会发展中起着重要作用丹尼斯,科尔,威金斯和科恩,2009年; 艾森伯格等人,2007年)。 它是由目标导向活动被阻止的情况以及被认为冒犯自己或他人的事件引起的(Averill,1983)。 愤怒会损害判断力,这可能导致对他人的积极回应(Lemerise&Dodge,1993)并被同行拒绝(哈伯德,2001年)。 然而,愤怒有时可能是有用的Averill,1983; Tiedens,2001),因为它涉及目标被阻止时的方法动机(Carver&Harmon-Jones,2009年),加大力度克服障碍(Campos,Campos,&Barrett,1989),并促进目标追求中的自适应持久性(Lench&Levine,2008; 刘易斯,沙利文,拉姆齐,&亚历山德里,1992年)。 然而,这些积极影响尚未在幼儿中得到充分检查。 因此,目前的调查针对这一差距,主要集中在目标受阻期间的愤怒适应功能及其与2至5岁年轻中国儿童样本持续存在的相关性。
从功能主义的角度来看,愤怒激励个人朝着目标迈进并消除障碍(Campos等,1989); 它可以被看作是一个激励者和行为的组织者(Nabi,1998年)。 文献中新出现的证据与这种功能性观点是一致的。 在成人研究中,目标失败的威胁引发了一系列负面影响,如悲伤,愤怒和恐惧,但只有愤怒的启发才能预测在随后的任务上花费了更多时间(Lench&Levine,2008)。 关于早期发展,以前的研究人员已经表明,愤怒倾向的婴儿表现出对各种任务目标的强烈态度行为(Derryberry&Rothbart,1997; 福克斯,1989年; Kochanska,Coy,Tjebkes,&Husarek,1998; 罗斯巴特和贝茨,2006年)。 婴儿的目标阻塞时的愤怒与感知控制,增加持久器械活动(例如,手臂拉动)以克服障碍,并且一旦障碍被移除时增加正面情绪(例如,兴趣和喜悦)刘易斯和拉姆齐,2005年; 刘易斯,拉姆齐和沙利文,2006年; 刘易斯等人,1992). 科尔尼(2004年))发现7,9个月大的高愤怒倾向的婴儿更可能完成令人沮丧的任务,并被母亲描述为知道他或她想要什么并获得它。 相比之下,高危险婴儿表现出更无助的姿势和更高程度的飞行行为,他们都没有完成令人沮丧的任务。 因此,愤怒可能伴随着儿童在球门堵塞时更大的持久性。
然而,一些研究发现儿童愤怒与持久性之间存在负相关(例如,Deater-Deckard,Petrill和Thompson,2007年; 艾森伯格等人,2004年; Yang&Liu,2008)。重要的是,这些研究涉及监管行为,如抑制性控制(即调节占主导地位的方法响应)。如,在开展具有挑战性的拼图任务时,孩子们必须抑制作弊(即查看拼图的答案)(艾森伯格等人,2004年)。 或者指示孩子在延迟满足任务期间等待(Yang&Liu,2008)。 根据情感的维度模型,愤怒与幸福一样,与阻止目标的动机相关(Carver
Anger Expression and Persistence in Young Children
Kathryn Amey Degnan
Introduction
Anger is a basic negative emotion that plays an important role in childrens social development (Dennis, Cole, Wiggins, amp; Cohen, 2009; Eisenberg etensp;al., 2007). It is elicited by situations in which goal-oriented activities are blocked and by events perceived to offend against oneself or others (Averill, 1983). Anger can impair judgment, which may lead to an aggressive response toward others (Lemerise amp; Dodge, 1993) and to rejection by peers (Hubbard, 2001). Yet anger can be useful sometimes (Averill, 1983; Tiedens, 2001), as it relates to approach motivation when goals are blocked (Carver amp; Harmon-Jones, 2009), intensifies effort to overcome obstacles (Campos, Campos, amp; Barrett, 1989), and facilitates adaptive persistence in goal pursuit (Lench amp; Levine, 2008; Lewis, Sullivan, Ramsay, amp; Alessandri, 1992). However, these positive effects have not been fully examined in young children. Thus, the current investigation addresses this gap by focusing on the adaptive function of anger during goal blockage and its correlations to persistence in a sample of young Chinese children at two to five years of age.
From a functionalist perspective, anger motivates an individual to orient toward a goal and eliminate barriers (Campos etensp;al., 1989); it can be viewed as both an energizer and an organizer of behaviors (Nabi, 1998). Emerging evidence in the literature is consistent with this functional perspective. In adult studies, the threat of a goal failure elicited a range of negative affects such as sadness, anger, and fear, but only the elicitation of anger predicted more time spent on subsequent tasks (Lench amp; Levine, 2008). Concerning early development, previous researchers have indicated that anger-prone infants exhibited strong approach behaviors toward the goals of the various tasks (Derryberry amp; Rothbart, 1997; Fox, 1989; Kochanska, Coy, Tjebkes, amp; Husarek, 1998; Rothbart amp; Bates, 2006). Anger during goal blockage in infants was associated with perceived control, increased persistent instrumental activities (e.g., arm pulling) to overcome the obstacle, and increased positive emotions (e.g., interest and joy) once the obstacle was removed (Lewis amp; Ramsay, 2005; Lewis, Ramsay, amp; Sullivan, 2006; Lewis etensp;al., 1992). 剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料