论文总字数：36165字

摘 要

传统节日积淀了各个国家悠久的历史和文化。中美两国的节日文化作为民族文化的重要表现形式都有着多样性，多元化的特点，因此，一个关于中美节日文化的对比研究是有重要意义的。本文从节日起源，节日习俗以及饮食差异比较了在中美有着相似文化内涵的传统节日，分析了其中折射出的文化差异，并且提出了一系列措施来弘扬一些群众参与度低的节日。伴随着节日文化的日益增长的重要性，对中美传统节日文化的深入了解有利于对两国文化的学习和交流。

关键词：节日文化；重要传统节日；文化差异；措施

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 1

3. Cultural Differences Reflected by Comparison Between Important Chinese and American Traditional Festivals 3

3.1 A Brief Introduction of Some Important Traditional Festivals in China and America 3

3.2 Cultural Differences in Origins of the Festivals 5

3.3 Cultural Differences in Festival Customs 7

3.4 Cultural Differences in Food Habits 8

4. Strategies to Promote Traditional Festivals 10

4.1 Establishing Some Principles 10

4.2 Following the Successful Practice of Festivals 11

4.3 Highlighting National Features 12

5. Conclusion 13

Works Cited 14

1. Introduction

With the fast-speed development in science and technology, globalization is taking a fast pace in contemporary society, people from different nations are likely to communicate more frequently in the fields such as politics, economy, technology and culture. In a context of different cultures, misunderstandings and conflicts are perhaps to arise in the process of communication when people have little awareness of the existence of diverse cultural values and beliefs. So, in order to promote the cross-cultural communication, it is significant for us to have a good awareness and understanding of cultural differences. However, festivals are valuable cultural heritage of various countries, which is also the reason why traditional festivals in China and some western countries have little in common. In light of the fact that festivals in China and America serve as an intriguing window into their cultural differences, a comparative study of them is meaningful. The cultural contrasts are reflected by their different origins, various ways for people to celebrate the festivals and diverse food habits. This paper aims to look into the cultural differences in traditional festivals both in China and America based on the analysis of traditional festivals in the two cultures with similar cultural connotation. The author would like to divide her paper into two parts. In the first part, the author would give a brief introduction to the main three important traditional festivals in China which are Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Qixi Festival, and in America which are Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Valentine’s Day. And an analysis on the cultural differences of these six festivals from the perspective of origins, customs and food habits will be carried out. Moreover, three specific strategies, to promote some traditional festivals with little reputation across the world would be provided in the second part.

2. Literature Review

The researches on cultures of traditional festivals have been one of the key points for the scholars in recent years. At present, with regard to the study on festivals cultures of different nations, the scholars carrying out research mainly focus on introducing the specific contents of festival origins and customs. Such as Zhang Haiying’s The Chinese Traditional Festival Cultures, Duli’s The Festival Customs and Diet between China and West, Fu Demin’s The Eight Major Traditional Festivals in China, etc.

Some harbor the idea that the traditional festivals are the important carrier of reflecting a country’s culture. As the essential constituents in nation’s cultures, traditional festival cultures have the common characteristics. In terms of the studies on the common characteristics, the scholars carrying out research mainly resort to the method of analogy in the comparison between the specific Chinese and American traditional festivals. In Li Mi’s Comparative Study on Important Festivals between China and Western Countries, she believed that Chinese Spring Festival and American Christmas Day both express affection and happiness between family members, Chinese Tomb-sweeping Day and Western Halloween both express the worship of human life and idea of natural harmony, and Chinese Qixi Festival and Western Valentine"s Day both express the loyalty to love and romance to lovers. (Li Mi, 2006: 78-82) In Ziyin’s On Chinese and Western Cultural Differences from the Traditional Festivals, Chinese Qixi Festival is similar to the western Valentine’s Day, and Chinese Hungry Ghost Festival is similar to American Halloween. (Li Ziyin, 2007: 173-174)

However, many scholars such as Zhang Chengping, Wan Weishan carrying out research on the study of the differences in the Chinese and American traditional festival cultures, the main points of view are as follows: traditional festival cultures in China and America have different cultural backgrounds. Chinese traditional holiday cultures have the features of pantheism and secularity, but the American traditional festival cultures have the characteristics of religion. In Universality and Compatibility between Cultures-Cultural Differences and Social Identification of Chinese and Western Traditional Festivals, the viewpoint of Zhang Chengping and Wan Weishan is that traditional festivals in China strongly reflect pantheism while American traditional festivals are mainly religious festivals. (Zhang Chenping amp; Wan Weishan, 2002: 64-69) In Kou Fuming’s On Chinese and Western Cultural integration in terms of the Prevalence of Foreign Festivals, he thought that Chinese traditional Festivals are set on the basis of the changing of seasons, such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Qixi Festival. Some of the major American traditional festivals such as Valentine"s Day, Christmas Day and Thanksgiving, and Halloweens all originate from region, namely, Christianity. (Kou Fuming, 2006: 112-114) The standpoint of Li Mi in her Comparative Study on Important Festivals between China and Western Countries is that the striking differences in Chinese and American festival cultures result from the different diverse beliefs. Moreover, she also believed that the religious feature is obvious while the most significant cultural characteristic in traditional festivals of China is secularity. (Li Mi, 2006: 78-82)

From the studies made by the scholars we could find out that they have made many researches on festivals in China and America and also analyzed some common points or the different points. However, the research of methods to promote some Chinese traditional festivals, such as Qixi Festival, with little renown across the world is rare. Since America is the most representative of western culture, an overall comparative analysis based on these previous studies on major traditional festivals with similar cultural connotation will be carried out.

3. Cultural Differences Reflected by Comparison Between Important Chinese and American Traditional Festivals

3.1 A Brief Introduction of Some Important Traditional Festivals in China and America

In this part, the writer will give a brief introduction of some important festivals in China which are Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Qixi Festival and festivals in America which are Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day and Valentine’s Day.

In China, as the beginning of every lunar year, December 23^rd is considered as the prelude to the Spring Festival. Spring Festival which has a long history of about 4,000 to 5,000 years, also known as the Chinese New Year, is reckoned as the most important Chinese traditional festival. “Each Chinese year is represented by a repeated cycle of 12 animals, the rat, ox, tiger, hare, dragon, snake, horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog and pig.” (Wen, 2012: 208-212) The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Moon Festival, Zhongqiu Festival, is held on the 15th day of the eighth month with full moon in the Chinese calendar, which is usually around late September or early October in the Gregorian calendar. People celebrate Qixi Festival on July 7^th in lunar every year. The festival is also called “Chinese Valentine’s Day” or “Double Seventh Festival”. People often show their care to friends or lovers on this day.

In America, Christmas Day, considered as the most important holiday, is hold on December 25^th. Originally, it is the holiday set only for Christians. Later on, it becomes the holiday for all the common people. On that night, all the family members sitting together, and taste the delicious food when they are chatting freely. Thanksgiving Day in America is the holiday on the 4th Thursday of November. It is the most truly American way national holiday and has a close connection with the earliest history of the country. It is a national holiday for Americans of all faiths and backgrounds to express their thanks for the year’s bounty and piously hope for continued blessings. Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14th of each year. Although it"s not an official holiday in America, most people observe this day and now it is a special day for lovers. They send candies or roses the flower of love to someone they think is special.

3.2 Cultural Differences in Origins of the Festivals

From the perspective of the origins, Chinese traditional festivals show their pantheism and secularity. As for the Spring Festival, there are mainly two different versions towards the festival origin. One version is that said that it originated from “la” a god’s name in ancient times.

“Another version is that it originated from two legends or explanations; one was about a monster named Nian(year) who would like to eat man and cattle on 30^th day of the 12^th lunar month; in order to have a peaceful environment, people set off firecrackers to frighten and scare the monster; finally, the monster was droved out successfully, so all the people cooked delicious food and congratulated each other. Gradually, the Chinese people called driving Nian or the monster “spending the New Year”; the other explanation was that the couple days in beginning of spring season were defined as the Spring Festival in ancient China according to the lunar calendar; there are 24 solar terms describing the changeable periods of four seasons yearly in Chinese lunar calendar; the first day of the first solar terms was called Lichun which means “spring begins” or the beginning of spring.” (Zhu, 2003: 6-10)

And as for the Mid-Autumn Festival, The word “mid-autumn” first appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. During that time, worshiping the moon on the 15th night of the eighth month had spread to high officials and rich families. A large table was placing in the middle of the yard under the moon, and offerings such as fruits and snacks were put on the table.  Ancient Chinese emperors worshiped the moon in the autumn, as they believed that the practice would bring them a plentiful harvest the next year. It is fixed at the annual August 15^th of Lunar Calendar, which developed from the autumnal equinox and worship of the god of moon in ancient times. According to cultural traditions in ancient China, people worship the day when it was spring equinox, worship the land when it was summer solstice, worship the moon when it was autumnal equinox, and worship the God when it was winter solstice.

However, most traditional festivals in America originate from religion, especially the culture of Christian. In etymology, holiday first originates from the word “holyday” that means “the day of God” or “the day to be devoted to religion”. As for the Christmas Day, the word “Christmas” is made up of the two words which are Christ and Mass and carries the meaning that on Christmas Day, Christians should go to church to attend the ceremony held to celebrate the birth of the Holy Son Jesus Christ. “According to the Bible, the holy book of Christians, God decide to allow his only son, Jesus Christ, to be born to a human mother and live on earth so that people could understand God better and learn to love God and each other more.” (Wen, 2012: 218-212) Since the 4th century, Christians have formed the habit of commemorating the martyrs who died for Christ, and also established a special holiday for a number of martyrs. As the number of martyrs got larger, the special festival to commemorate all believers was formed. Although exact date of the birth of Jesus is not clearly, the church leaders chose December 25^th as his birthday in the year of 345 AD. From December 24^th to January 6^th of the following year is Christmas. And as for Thanksgiving Day, the origin of Thanksgiving Day is related to the religious disputes of Christian in United Kingdom. Around the 16th century A.D. to the 17th century A.D., the English Pilgrims launched a ferocious religious reform which appeals to keep away from the Church of English and establish a new church. However, the Puritans began brutally persecuted by the English government and the Church in the mid-17th century. In order to escape the religious persecution and retain the language and tradition in their homeland for the next generation, so they began the great migration. In 17^th centaury, Pilgrims from the Europe sailed to the United States for seeking a place where they could have freedom of worship. After a strenuous two-month voyage they finally landed at the place what is now called Plymouth, Massachusetts. During the first winter in America, about half of the settlers died because of starvation and epidemics. And those who survived began sowing in the spring. They waited for the harvests with great anxiety through all summer, believing that both their lives and future of the colony depended on the coming harvest. With the help of the Indians, the settlers harvested a rich yield beyond expectations. Therefore, the day of giving thanks to the Lord and Indians was fixed. Years later, President of the United States set the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day and the celebration of the holiday has been observed on that date until today. And as for the Valentine’s Day, the festival’s origin also related to the story of martyred Valentine, a Christian priest who often presided over the weddings for the Roman people during the third century in Rome. During the reign of Roman Emperor Claudius II, because of the wars the emperor banned young man and woman to marry together for that he believes that unmarried men can become better soldiers. However, when a couple came to him and asked him for help, he Valentine violated the emperor"s command and performed the marriages for them secretly. Finally, what Valentine had done was discovered by Claudius II, and he was arrested and executed in 270 AD on February 14. In order to commemorate him, February 14 was named as Valentine"s Day.

3.3 Cultural Differences in Festival Customs

From the perspective of festival customs, in the first place, the Chinese traditional festivals also show the pantheism and secularity, while the theme of the festival customs in America is religion, especially the culture of Christian. As for the Spring Festival, according to the traditional habits, all families without exception will worship the god of the kitchen and get prepared for the Spring Festival during the last few days of the last lunar month of a year. Chinese people will also make a thorough cleanup, which is also called spring-cleaning, so that every house along the street has a bright and new look. They paste paper-cuts on the windows and couplets on the door, and red lanterns also are hanged on in front of the door. In addition, people set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. According to the mystery novel Shenyi Jing-Xihuang Jing written by Dongfang Shuo, there was a monster in the mountains called “Shan Sao” who was afraid of fire and loud noise, people put bamboos into the fire and let the crackle sound emitted by burning bamboos scare it away. What’s more, elder often give lucky money to young generation during the Spring Festival. In some places, people also prepare gifts for family members and friends, or burn incense at home or in temples to pay respects to ancestors and pray for good health in coming months. However, as for the Christmas Day, Christmas tree is most representative mark of the Christmas. All the families in America decorate the Christmas tree. It is made of pine tree, decorated by different kinds of presents, toys, and balls. And a bright star is put at the top of the Christmas tree. It was said that this custom originates from Germany in 6th century. The German believed that pine tree can protect them from the hurt of the god of death Azrael. Another representative symbol of Christmas is Santa Claus. It is depicted as an old man in red clothes and red trousers, with white eyebrow and white beard, a benign face and a short and fat figure by literature and painting. On Christmas Eve, people no matter the young or the old all believed that Santa Claus will come into their house through the chimney, and put the presents into the socks of their children. The Christmas gifts sent to Jesus also well represent the Christmas. Nowadays, people around the world often send presents to their family members or friends. Plenty of gifts are prepared by each family before the Christmas. Not only the children, but also the adults can receive many Christmas gifts. And Christmas cards with blessing words are often exchanged between friends and colleagues.

In the second place, Chinese traditional festivals emphasize the value orientation of collectivism, while American traditional festivals show the value orientation of individualism. Having influenced by Confucianism for thousands years, the Chinese always keep the sense of order and harmony to the society, loyalty and responsibility to the group in mind. The Chinese pay special attention to the blood relationship as well as the connotation of community, and their emphasis of collectivism can be well represented in the festival customs. Such as the Spring Festival is China"s unique holiday for family reunion. When approaching the lunar New Year, family members whoever working outside far away from home will make long-distant visit and spend their valuable time with their lovers and sons. Another typical custom is paying New Year calls. On the New Year day people usually pay New Year calls to their parents, and then congratulate to each other. There are various ways to pay New Year calls. The first type is paying New Year calls between families. On the first day of the first lunar month people first visit senior members of the family, and then go out to visit their neighbors or friends. The second type is paying New Year calls to relatives. On the second or third day of the first lunar month, the whole family calls on their relatives with gifts. The third type is paying New Year calls between communities. This kind of visit first appeared in Song Dynasty carrying the meaning of paying visits in groups, but now it refers to the party schools or other institutions often gather together to celebrate the Spring Festival. The Mid-Autumn Festival is another holiday that family members can spend time together. The round shape of the moon means family union in China. Traditionally on this day, sons and daughters will bring family members back to their parents’ house for a reunion. Even the people who have already settled overseas will come back to their hometown to visit their parents on that day. The theme of Mid-Autumn Festival is the moon. If the family members can’t reunion because of work or study, they always look out into the sky staring at the moon as if their loved ones are yearning for them to come back. Different from China, the customs in American traditional festivals are deeply influenced by the Renaissance. Humanists advocate individualism and liberation and object religions, which has profound impact on the American way of thinking. The customs of American traditional festivals represent the individualism, and personality. They pursue independence, freedom, and pleasure.

3.4 Cultural Differences in Food Habits

From the perspective of the food habits, firstly, the dietary contents and the connotations they carry in two country’s traditional festivals are different. Since different countries have different ways to celebrate their own unique holiday, thus various dietary contents are formed. The foods the Chinese eat in traditional festivals like the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival are mainly cereal-based. As every Chinese holiday is accompanied by a sort of special food, on the New Year’s Eve, all family members will get together to feast. In North China, Jiaozi (dumplings) is loved by all the families, but people in South China show their interests towards a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called niangao. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, people eat moon cakes, a kind of cookie with fillings of sugar, fat, sesame, walnut, yokes of persevered eggs, ham or other ingredients. Every Qixi Festival, the Chinese eat qiaoguo, a kind of famous wheaten food in varying sizes and shapes. While in several counties such as Caoxian and Pingyuan in Shandong province, the way of celebrating Qixi Festival is very interesting. Girls gathering around to make dumplings, often put a coin, a needle, a red date into three different dumplings. It is said that the ones who happen to eat the dumplings with the coin, the needle and red date will become rich, gain ingenuity and marry her Mr. Right soon respectively. However in America, the major feature of traditional festival diet is animal meat-based diet, such as the Thanksgiving turkey as a traditional main course. The turkey’s stomach usually stuffed with marinated food with a variety of spices, and then baked, and finally sliced with a knife by man of the house delivering to everyone seated. All the Americans believe it as the indispensable course of the dinner. However, because of different families have different cooking ways and the various places where people lives, the definite content of the stuffing for the turkey is never reached an agreement. Besides the roast turkey, there are also dishes like apples, oranges, chestnuts, walnuts and grapes. There will also be pumpkin pie, cornbread, duck, geese, and other varieties of food. Roast turkey and pumpkin pie are the best and most attractive among them. Throughout the years, these kinds of food have proved to be the most traditional and favorite on Thanksgiving Day. What’s more, the Christmas meal as the family reunion dinner is another representative symbol. Although the most characteristic food of Christmas meal is various kinds of desserts such as fruit biscuits, puddings, pies and ice-cream, the main course of the Christmas meal is poultry, such as chicken, duck, and turkey. In short, the traditional Christmas dinner is meat-based, too.

Secondly, not only the contents of diet in traditional festivals of two different countries vary, but also the culture connotations reflected by that abovementioned traditional food are different. On one hand, the food constitutes the ritual contents and the activities of one festival; on the other hand, it incorporates the cultural psychology of a nation forming a diet centered cultural system. In China, making “jiaozi”, and eating “niangao” are the biggest characteristic food habits in the Spring Festival. For the ancient, the midnight called “zishi”. The “jiaozi” they eat are made on the eve of the Spring Festival, which means “gengsuijiaozi”. In other words, years alternate from midnights and this is the origin for the name of “jiaozi”. In Chinese, “niangao” can also be read as the meaning of “upwards”, which means the life will be better, and more harvest will be reaped year by year. Moreover, the shape of a moon cake is round, which is also a symbol of family reunion. The food habits in Chinese traditional festivals mainly reflect the people"s good wishes to family harmony and reunion. However, the American food habits are mainly influenced by religions, reflecting the memory and loyalty to God as well as the gratitude to the grace from God. Americans pay more attention to the combination of diet and religion. For example, since Thanksgiving Day is on annual Thursday of the 4th week of November, it is very close to the Christmas Day the biggest festival of a year. And Christmas Day is to convey the gratitude to the birth of Christ Jesus by Christians. Therefore, the turkey dinner as a symbol of the Thanksgiving Day will be extended to the Christmas. Every time Christmas comes, people will always think of delicious turkey.

4. Strategies to Promote Traditional Festivals

With the increasing importance of festival culture, we are not only required to have the full awareness of the cultural differences in traditional festivals, but also should attach much more significance to the developpment and sustainability of the traditional festivals. Therefore, I have come up with the following strategies aiming at promoteing the tradional festivals as well as the festival culture.

4.1 Establishing Some Principles

Here are some principles that should be considered seriously. The first principle is sticking to the scientific methods and basing on the facts, which require us to take an objective attitude towards the current situation of the status for the traditional festivals in Chinese people’s minds. We are required to analyze and explore the potential values and take full advantage of the unique characteristics and cultural importance objectively and reasonably in that traditional festivals are of a long history and culture. The second principle is enriching in festivals’ cultural connotation. It is a widely accepted fact that the developing process is dynamic and evolving. The contents of traditional festivals changes with development of the society and some of the old customs have already disappeared. With no doubt should we hold the developing view to carry out research on traditional festivals including the origins, customs and food habits. We also can not deny the significance of elaborating on folk cultural progress and ability to drawing the conclusion about why some customs in traditional festival fail to flourish. What"s more, the need for continuing to exploring the cultural connotation and customs that we don"t know is of great significance. Take Mid-Autumn Festival for example, the minority groups in China celebrate it in various ways and by combining them with the characteristics of the contemporary society we may find out their unique customs and develop them. The third principle is setting a distinguishing characteristic for each festival. The distinguishing characteristic in a traditional festival should be realized by the public and give prominence to it as far as possible when we are protecting and promoting it. The initiative ideas and approaches should be encouraged. Take Qixi Festival for example, we can combine the culture with local places of interest where the travelers may visit, so they might better learn the culture of the festival and enjoy himself at the same time. The forth principle is motivate the public to participate the traditional festivals more extensively. Although festivals like the Spring Festival owe large participation across the country, there are still some festivals lacking of the participation or simple awareness from the public such as the Dragon Boat Festival and Chong Yang Festival. We ought to offer a better condition for everyone to put forward their own opinions or even point out the problems they think inappropriate. Furthermore, Chinese traditional festivals first set only for the Chinese people having the strong cultural connotation of the family reunion. So how to make children, adults and even old people actively participate in celebrating it also requires the joint effort of everybody and the power and help from all sides such as the schools and government.

4.2 Following the Successful Practice of Festivals

There are many countries especially America that pay special attention to protecting and promoting national festivals and innovating the customs on a basis of modern economic and social life. Cultural, social, and economic benefits are created by means of hosting various and colorful festival activities. As a matter of fact, many precious successful experiences are worth learning. We need to learn from the experiences and operating pattern that are used when hosting our traditional festivals. The destination of our goal is to better promote traditional festivals embodied in folk cultures and sound national spirits. Only when we succeed to learn to absorb the nutrition from successful practice of American festivals and integrate it with our specific festival cultural system, constantly reform those out-dated concepts and backward operating models which can"t cater to the course of modernization can we maintain the leading role of traditional festival. Take American Rose Festival as an example. The activities in the festival keep changing every year. At the very beginning, there was just the flower parade. Later on, parades of bands, knights, or even animals were added. Moreover, it was integrated with American football matches called “Rose Cup Football Match". For the temporary, The Rose Beauty Contest and the Rose Walking Race are combined as well. That is the reason why this festival has always been popular in the United States of America. The case gives us the lesson that the key point in promoting the national festivals is enriching in cultural connotation and forms of festivals. Innovation is the definitely the essential part to remain the traditional festival dynamic and vigorous. With the purpose of continuing invigorate the traditional festival cultures in modern society, we need to keep pace with the time and keep on pouring the fresh cultural elements into traditional festivals.

4.3 Highlighting National Features

Unique cultural connotation and value of every nation are embodied in national traditional festivals. With the modernization, people are more likely to enjoy the leisure time provided by traditional festivals especially those with high national features because of more time and opportunities for family reunion. Under this circumstance, the role of prominent national features in promoting festival culture and intensifying national cohesive power is quite important. Some widely known festivals that are successfully host are mainly on the basis of a profound national cultural background and deeply rooted in local culture. Moreover, the festival activities also function as the heart of a national culture where local customs and conditions are well manifested. Outstanding national features in a festival culture are the potential factors in improving the influential and appealing ability of traditional festival in the world no matter in east or in west. Furthermore, a distinguishing cultural brand that highlights local cultural connotation should be created for the reason that the power of a sound brand is tremendous enough to maintain the traditional festivals.

5. Conclusion

By the comparing the festival origins, festival customs and food habits in some important traditional festivals in China and America, we can reached the following conclusions concerning the differences of the two countries’ festival culture: first, Chinese traditional festivals show their pantheism and secularity while most traditional festivals in America originate from religion, especially the culture of Christian. Second, Chinese traditional festivals emphasize the value orientation of collectivism, while American traditional festivals show the value orientation of individualism. Third, Chinese traditional festivals emphasize the value orientation of collectivism, while American traditional festivals show the value orientation of individualism. Fourth, the contents of diet in traditional festivals of two different countries vary, and the culture connotations reflected by that abovementioned traditional food are different. Moreover, we can promote some less famous traditional festival by establishing some principles, following the successful practices and highlighting the national features. Since holiday is an extremely happy time to the people all over the world and both China and America have their own traditional festivals with special origins, customs and food habits, traditional festival culture develops and enriches in connotation as time goes by. By understanding the cultural differences between the two countries through comparison of traditional festivals, people will have a better understanding of the thinking ways in each nation and keep a peace and prosperous relationship both in study or work.

The author hopes this paper can help to build up a better understanding of cultural differences in traditional festivals and invite further efforts to be contributed the study of this area.

Works Cited

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