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摘 要

女性的灵魂世界是英国文学研究的主要课题之一。多丽丝•莱辛在其代表作《金色笔记》中，真实展示了女性灵魂世界的升华。本文作者在文本细读的基础上,解读了《金色笔记》中女主人公们在与男性的关系、社会生活等方面存在的许多问题与困惑，并深刻分析了她们如何开始反抗命运，摆脱传统婚姻的束缚，不断寻求自我的过程，最终阐明男女间的关系不应是对立的而应是相辅相成的关系。

关键词：摆脱婚姻; 追求自我; 女性灵魂世界; 自由

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 2

3. Returning to Freedom in Rebellion  in the Female Spiritual World 4

3.1 The heavily skewed relationship between men and women 4

3.2 Modern women’s confusions in social life 6

3.3 Females’ resistance to fate 9

3.4 Females’ realization of the true freedom 11

4.Conclusion 13

Works Cited 14

1. Introduction

Doris Lessing, born in Kermanshah, Persia, on October 22, 1919, is a prolific woman writer with great fame in contemporary England. She is the author of works like The Grass Is Singing, Children of Violence, The Golden Notebook, A Woman on a Roof and many other works, among which The Golden Notebook is widely acknowledged as her masterpiece. As one of the most distinguished female writers after Woolf, she has obtained a series of world-class achievements besides numerous Nobel Prize nominations. In 2007, she was awarded Nobel Literature Prize at the age of 88 and acclaimed as “the epicist of the female experience, who with skepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny.” (Xia Qiong, 2003: 32) In Lessing’s long writing career, she has created numerous works whose themes, writing styles and form are of great difference. Her works feature unique styles, keen insights and profound thoughts, leaving the readers a deep impression.

In 1962, Lessing began to enjoy a worldwide reputation in literature due to the publication of The Golden Notebook. This novel is the longest and the most ambitious work Doris Lessing has ever attempted to write. It is a masterpiece in portraiture of the manners, aspirations, anxieties and the particular problems of the times in which we live. In this novel, Lessing’s unique writing and the artistic expressions she uses, as well as her great concern on racism, colonialism and feminism have been sparkling in western literature. According to her own experience, she tries to use particular narrative perspective and detailed description to reveal the true living conditions，struggles and spiritual world of the females. She shapes two typical “free” women—Anna and Molly under her pen. They have independent economic income; they bring up their children on their own; they actively participate in political activities as well. In order to pursue their ideal spiritual world, they discard their loveless marriage without any hesitation. They are always longing for freedom and revolting the man-dominated society, which is recorded in the four notebooks, especially in the fifth, a gold-colored notebook.

The Golden Notebook has always been controversial since the day of its publication. Since then, it has experienced a gradually deepening process from one-sided perspective to multiple. A large number of critics both at home and abroad study this novel from different aspects which focus on the perspectives of Lessing’s literary techniques, form, feminism, philosophy and so on.

In terms of the form of this novel, Magali Cornier Michael is sure of its metafictional category as he says, “The Golden Notebook is no doubt a work of metafiction.”(Michael, 1996: 380) In praising Lessing’s handling of this new form, Jiang Hong considers The Golden Notebook as “meaningful form.” She points out that Lessing’s adoption of note is better than traditional forms to express the theme. Its breakthrough of linear plot clearly shows the process of understanding. Starting with the studies of female spiritual world, Huang Mei, on the basis of complex meaning of “freedom” identified in the novel, argues that the understanding of women’s lives is not only linked with female spiritual world, but also related to the lives of contemporary people. In Margaret Drabble’s view, a famous critic, The Golden Notebook is the first book he has read, apart from Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex, which seems to be really addressing the problems of women in the contemporary world. Harold Bloom speaks highly of Lessing’s portrayal of women as “the most thorough and accurate of any in literature”. (Bloom, 1986: 101) Other critics focus on some other features of this novel. Li Fuxiang discusses the political and female spiritual world themes and general features of the different stages of Lessing’s novels. Michael Thorpe and Roberta Rubenstein point out that diversified and complex as Lessing’s fictions are the significance of her fiction is her depiction of modern symptom: isolation, dichotomy and madness.

2. Literature Review

The Golden Notebook has proved Doris Lessing’s monumental achievements in the world literature for the distinctive design of form, the wide perception of the world issues and most prominently the profound insight of the women in relation to men. As soon as the book published in 1962, it gained widespread concern from British and American critics. It has been studied in gradual deepening progress from single to rich, one-sided to multiple, and from scattered to the systematic, which can be divided into three phases in chronological order.

The first phase covers the 1960s. The original pioneering book is Doris Lessing by Dorothy Brewster in 1965, a critical biography of Lessing, representing the achievement of the preliminary study of Lessing with the exploration of her novels, ideological connotation, the dream image, psychoanalytic theory as well as the striking artistic features of The Golden Notebook. Besides, Paul Schlueter published the book The Novels of Doris Lessing, where he comprehensively described Doris Lessing’s career, and analyzed the heroine Anna Woof from the view of auto gnosis. Both of them paved the way for penetrating into the study of Doris Lessing and The Golden Notebook.

The second phase spanned from the 70s to 90s of the twentieth century．During the period，the research of Lessing and her works emerged in large numbers in the types of monographs，collected works as well as papers. For instance，Doris Lessing’s Africa by Michael Thorpe, trying to explore her Africa as dream and reality. The book The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing by Robert Rubenstein，illustrates Lessing’s fictional performance in the form of consciousness. Jean Pickering published Understanding Doris Lessing as a section of Understanding Contemporary British Literature series, which comprehensively reviewed Lessing’s major works by identifying and amplifying the themes, material, structures, usage of language and so on. Doris Lessing: The Poetics of Change by Gayle Green in 1997 published, which records Lessing’s contributions to what is the most important theoretical argument in recent years.

The third phase starts from twentieth century till now, it presents subsiding trend of the study on The Golden Notebook for British and American scholars. But the academic standpoint becomes more mature than before. Postcolonial London written by John Mceod researches Lessing’s work from the perspective of post-colonialism. And The Golden Notebook: A Study in Humanism by R.P.Mahto attempts to demonstrate the humanitarianism of The Golden Notebook.

Compared with the heat research in the West, the study on Lessing has been long ignored by Chinese scholars. The earliest article was The Theme of Politics and Women in Doris Lessing’s Novels written in 1993 by Li Fuxiang. From then on, domestic critics began to study Lessing’s works and flourished in twenty-first century. There are 112 journals on The Golden Notebook from 1994 to 2012, covering Lili-Wang’s post-modernist analysis of the novel; Jiang Hua and Zhikang-Shi’s analysis of novel from the view of parody; Qingxi-Li’s exposition from the perspective of discourse relations and narrative method. A Study of Doris Lessing’s Art and Philosophy by Lili-Wang is published in 2007, which is the first English monograph in research of Doris Lessing’s art and philosophy. It begins to focus on the integration of the philosophical thinking and the artistic strategy in Lessing’s works. These books and articles, in different way, advance the study on Lessing and her book in China.

Based on previous research, from my point of view，men and women shouldn’t be opposed but complementary. Only a harmonious bisexual relationship is established, can free women realize the true freedom.

All the critical books and articles mentioned above are of important value to the research of Lessing and The Golden Notebook. And the glamour has never faded with the continuing research.

3. Returning to Freedom in Rebellion in the Female Spiritual World

The Golden Notebook has been treated as a textbook for independent women, not only because of the obvious feminist features of the characters, but also the feminist title: free women. In this novel, Lessing presents liberal women’s secret anguish, confusion and bitterness from multiple perspectives. It’s easy to find women’s pursuit of self-identity through the ups and downs of female characters’spiritual world. In a general way, female spiritual world in this novel can be embodied in four aspects: relationship with men; confusions met in social life; resistance to fate and realization of freedom.

3.1 The heavily skewed relationship between men and women

The presentation and analysis of the issue of women’s emotion and self value in The Golden Notebook deeply exposes the heavily skewed relationship between men and women. It is well-known that feminism originated in the fact that women cannot enjoy equality with men in the patriarchal society. Therefore, the key issue is how to achieve a harmonious relationship between men and women. The male-female relationship can be roughly divided into two: relationship as sexual partners or lovers.

Ella, the heroine recorded in the yellow notebook, is the real epitome of Anna. Anna has a five-year love affair with Michael, but she is eventually abandoned, which has made her suffer a lot. She records the story she and Michael have gone through in The Shadow of The Third with the experience of Ella and Paul.

In Ella’s relationship with Paul, she merely plays the role of a sexual partner. Ella has seen both shortcomings and advantages of Paul, but she deliberately forces herself to ignore his ruthlessness and cruelty and tries her best to believe his true love. It seems impossible for Ella to live her life without Paul. “She knows, and is frightened of, her utter dependence on Paul. Every fiber of her is woven with him, and she cannot imagine living without him.”(Lessing, 1999: 193) Yet the price Ella has to pay to maintain their relationship, in terms of compromise and obedience, is too high. Ella is naive enough to make all-out efforts to love a person and that’s why she eventually gets hurt when they part. Compared with Ella, Paul’s attitude is indifferent. A woman to Paul is what a doll to a master. He views Ella just as a pure sexual instrument and defines her “a pretty flighty piece.”(Lessing, 1999: 224) What he wants Ella to do is not interrupting his private life and trying her best to satisfy his physiological requirements. When Paul realizes that Ella is deeply sunk into her love fantasy, he chooses to fall away without any hesitation. After Paul leaves, Ella becomes heartbroken and lets herself sleep with men who cannot satisfy her. Ella is tormented by sexual desire. “She masturbates, to accompaniment of fantasies of hatred about men.”(Lessing, 1999: 426)

Unlike the relationship between Ella and Paul, Anna and Saul’s relationship is special for they love and respect each other. They have experienced more fluctuation that strengthens their relationship than that of Ella and Paul’s.

At the very beginning, Saul has an inexplicable hatred and hostility to women. He forces himself not to fall in love with any woman, including his wife. Once he finds that he begins to love someone, he will choose to leave immediately. Anna first thinks that Saul lives together with her just because of loneliness; however, she finds that Saul begins to reveal the multiplicity of his characters in their frequent communication. Their love isn’t generated in the very beginning but after their breaking down into each other. Saul eventually comes to understand Anna and says “you are a real domestic woman, you ought to be married to a nice settled husband somewhere.” (Lessing, 1999: 570) Since then, Saul admits to Anna more frankly. He admits that he hates Anna due to her publication of a successful novel and he is always a hypocrite. His confession opens the door of their normal relations and symbolizes the purity of their love.

In this novel, Lessing expresses her feminist ideas according to the exploration of the male-female relationship. Based on the above analysis, it can be found that different men hold diverse attitudes toward love. Some just want to find a sexual partner, others hope to have a true lover. Whether women can win independence depends greatly on their relationship with men. This relationship can not only has an impact on women’s emotion, but also brings women a lot of confusions in their social life.

3.2 Modern women’s confusions in social life

Taking Anna as the representative, free women abandon the traditional restriction and oppression exerted on them, keeping pursuing freedom and self value. Women’s struggles with the conflicts of work, sex, love, maternity and politics described by Lessing reveal the confusions they meet in social life and their constant pursuit of freedom.

Women have long lived under the rules set by male-dominated society, playing the role of mother and wife according to men’s expectation. They are imprisoned at home, serving as a housewife, while men can do what they like and receive the nurturing from women. Women are deprived of freedom and gradually lose their self identity.

Marion is such a typical conventional woman who devotes her youth to marriage and family. She manages all the boring housework lonely in the house, brings up three children and takes care of her husband. However, what she gets is not love and admiration, but the betrayal of her husband and misunderstanding of her children. Faced with the cruel reality of her family, Marion still chooses to cling to her loveless marriage for her deep dependence on her husband, Richard, both emotionally and economically. The result is that she has to wear those clothes she dislikes to please her husband, accompany her husband to various parties and even host dinner party to assist her husband’s career.

However, not everyone is willing to accept this sad ending. With the awakening of female consciousness, modern women begin to liberate themselves from various oppressions in patriarchal society, trying to seek for a complete life. Anna and Molly are the best illustrations. Anna throws off her marriage when it doesn’t work well. Molly is full of hatred and contempt to her husband who has a prominent economic status. She hates to be a traditional woman bound and sheltered by successful man, so she frees herself from marriage. Both of them in the pursuit of individual liberation have broken loose from marriage and carry on equal competition with men. They have established women’s speech venues, getting rid of being exploited and oppressed by men.

Whether women have got rid of the shackles of marriage or not, both dissatisfied housewife and free women still have strong emotional attachment on men. When they come across love competition, they can even sacrifice their self-identity and their career for their lover. For instance, in the yellow notebook, Michael doesn’t like Anna with deep thinking and independent views. In order to cater to him, Anna would rather give up her favorable writing career, which not only leads to her self-identity lost, but also makes Michael slowly away from her. She is even ready to play the role of “Angle of the House” and bear a baby for Michael at any time as long as he is willing to marry her. Yet, it turns out to be a great disappointment. Lessing records females’ confusion and helplessness in face of marriage in detail, showing their true existence in the real world.

Anna and Molly, two vivid figures, are always termed as free women. They are both single mothers and rearing their children by their own. As is known to all, the prerequisite of being a free woman is to achieve economic independence. Anna lives on the royalties of her best seller, Frontiers of War, and Molly raises her son with her salary as an actress. They “lead what is known as free lives, that is, live like men.”(Lessing, 1999: 59) However, being economically independent doesn’t provide them with the same equality as men. These liberal women, under the appearance of being independent and strong-minded, have suffered a lot because of their multiple roles as mothers, lovers, friends and professional women.

Modern women who has just freed from marriage are bound by their responsibility to children and their relationships with their lovers. As a mother, they make great efforts to be good and responsible, however, both Anna and Molly fail to be so. Molly, after her one-year exploration in Europe, finds that her son has become a hostile, extreme and pessimistic boy. Tommy once wants to commit suicide and eventually becomes blind in both eyes. And Anna , who tries her best to care for her daughter and always pays attention to her daughter’s daily habit and healthy personality, eventually finds what she has done for her daughter is in vain. Janet doesn’t agree with her mother’s free lifestyle at all, instead what she wants to do is to be a traditional woman.

As a lover, liberal women break the traditional shackles of marriage and endure tremendous social pressure, which indeed needs great courage in the masculine society. On the relations between the sexes, free women seem to choose their lovers in random and become single women of true freedom. Actually, they also have delicate and rich feelings, hoping to own a harmonious love that combines spirit with physic together. Their delicate emotions can be found in the relationship of Anna and Michael. Anna’s feeling to Michael is complex and contradictory: “We are happy together most of the time, then suddenly I have feelings of hatred and resentment for him. But always for the same reasons: when he makes some crack about the fact I have written a book-he resents it, makes fun of my being ‘an authoress’; when he is ironical about Janet, that I put being a mother before loving him ; and when he warns me he does not intend to marry me.”(Lessing, 1999: 237) To pursue an ideal companion, free women keep changing their lovers regardless of the traditional norms, but they can’t get rid of the agony that results from men’s rejection.

When they perform the role of a professional woman, they also encounter difficulties. Take Anna as an example, she works as a writer. She has written a successful novel that brings her financial support as well as social status. However, she suffers from a writer’s block and can’t write anything she wants. Anna always thinks about the issue of creation. She believes that “the quality a novel should have to make it a novel is the quality of philosophy, that is, to reveal the real life.” (Bai Aixian, 2005: 63) Controlled by this unique thought, her heart is filled with great panic and confusion. So when Saul suggests that Anna write a short story he has just referred, Anna says, “I can’t write that short story or any other, because all that moment I sit down to write, someone comes into the room, looks over my shoulder and stops me. They stand here in the room and they say, why don’t you doing something about us, instead of wasting your time scribbling.” (Lessing, 1999: 614) Faced with the splitting of the inner world, Anna’s writing appears to be pale and weak and the worst thing is that she can’t create any valuable works any more.

Apart from the roles mentioned above, free women also actively take part in the political activities which they think are important in the improvement of the mankind. They have high expectation on politics, just as what Anna has said: “When I joined the Party was a need for wholeness, for an end to the split, divided, unsatisfactory way we all live.”(Lessing, 1999: 161) However, to their disappointment, the political activities in reality distort their ideals and make their political efforts ineffective. From the devotion to communism, they find the traditional housewives’ ignorance on politics and their subordination to men; from the regular meetings, they find the Party’s members behave on the contrary of what they have said; from their deeper insights into the political field, they find the condition in the party is beyond their expectations.

Disillusionment of their beloved boy friends , their keen political ideals and suspicion of self-worth lead liberal women to the edge of breakdown. Confronted with this dilemma, how can free women achieve real freedom in the patriarchal society?

3.3 Females’ resistance to fate

Free women strive for liberty even though they have suffered a lot in the patriarchal society. They never yield to the reality and try their best to find a way out of their dilemma. Having realized their hard situation, they begin to make a choice of going to the road of self-redemption. They resist to fate in the way of defiance of marriage and ongoing exploration for selves.

Compared with traditional women of Britain, free women possess a greater degree of freedom because they lack the shackles of marriage. Although they also have strong attachment on men, they can’t bear a marriage without love. Opposite to the traditional women, the free women won’t turn a blind eye to their husband’s emotional betrayal. They would rather cut off the loveless relationship than witness their husbands to seek one affair after another outside.

Ella, who can be seen as the shadow of Anna, has had a marriage before she becomes a lover of Paul. This marriage leaves her nothing but pain and torment. The reason why their marriage fails is their unsatisfactory sexual life, then her husband begins to have another affair. This betrayal upsets Ella and she chooses to give up this marriage. In Ella’s heart, she never gives up pursuing ideal love.

In the view of free women, they freely choose their lovers because they want to find the perfect relationship which is the combination of sex and passion, body and spirit. It appears that they care little about marriage and love, but they also desire to own a stable and harmonious marriage in their hearts. They live in a society dominated by men, so a marriage can not only provide them with a kind of security, but also meet their instinctive emotional needs as women. Molly at her age of more than forty has sensed: “her source of self-respect was that she had not-as she put it- given up and crawled into safety somewhere, into a safe marriage.”(Lessing, 1999: 17) But they are still trying to cover up their own fear and loneliness in their sub consciousness, so when Richard speaks out “you haven’t got confidence in people, I think you are afraid”, Anna’s response is “she felt very exposed, particularly before Richard, and her throat was dry and painful.”(Lessing, 1999: 39) Maybe as Richard has said: “you choose to be alone rather than to get married for the sake of not being lonely.”(Lessing, 1999: 39) Indeed, Anna’s first marriage is a failure, what she gets is totally out of her expectation. She and her husband don’t have a satisfactory sexual experience, let alone anything else. Free women advocate sexual freedom, but what they have got is only emptiness and loneliness, they can’t find a sense of safety. They have began to realize the importance of their rights and interests, started to walk out of their marriage and the shadow of the man-dominated culture, and tried to find their own sky.

Free women are more concerned about their subjectivity in the patriarchal society. They hate to be the objects that men use to let out their sexual desire, so they give up their marriages without any hesitation; they want to achieve independent personality and dignity, so they devote themselves to political activities; they long for a fair competition with men, so they struggle in their workplace.

There is a sentence “women are not the moon, or do not rely on reflection to illuminate herself.” (Ghosh, 2006: 239) That is to say that women can liberate themselves according to their own efforts. Anna and Molly, the two representatives of free women, have broken through the prejudices and the shackles of tradition, becoming brave to search for self identity and the truth of life in the path of self-redemption. They needn’t rely on others for material support, refusing to follow others blindly in politics and thought. They are so different from traditional women that have achieved their own piece of sky with wisdom and talent. Although they have suffered a lot from failure, they never give up their pursuit of the ideal future. When they recognize their plights and the causes to them, they try to make great efforts out of deep trouble and bear them with love and faith. Maybe it is the reason why Anna can reintegrate the collapse of her inner world after being abandoned by her beloved Michael. Finally, they compromise with the reality and gradually walk out of self-closure. No matter whether they choose to continue the experience on the road of life or return to the family, they choose a positive way to break through the plights.

Through the above analysis, it’s easy to notice the struggles women have made. They never submit to reality and continuously fight for self-worth. After suffering the hardships, they make different choices to realize their freedom. No matter what they have chosen, they all find a suitable way to establish a harmonious relationship with men.

3.4 Females’ realization of the true freedom

As one of the most outstanding female writers, Lessing not only focuses on the state and plight of women from the female point of view, but also observes people’s lives from the angle of ultra gender. What is the most important is she links the reflection of women’s struggle with the reflection of both sexes. Readers of Lessing’s The Golden Notebook can see her proposal of gender harmony. Only a harmonious relationship is established between men and women, can females realize the true freedom.

In the description of The Golden Notebook, there are three vivid women images demonstrated in front of the reader, they are Anna, Molly and Marion. Anna and Molly are termed as free women, while Marion is labeled as a traditional woman. Both of them realize their freedom at the end of this novel, just like the four notebooks’ final reunification. Anna’s recording her life in four notebooks symbolizes the fragmentation of her spirit. Yet, she finally integrates the respective notebook into one notebook, which is called the golden notebook.

In Anna’s fifth notebook, she recognizes that there is a unity of opposites in the world. Men and women coexist. Two sexes are mutually dependent not only because they need love and care from the other side but also because they raise up seed with both efforts. Blind freedom plays little role in solving the problems of women. With the help of Saul, Anna recovers from her breakdown and obtains a spiritual rebirth. What Saul tells Anna is as follows: “But my dear Anna, we are not the failures we think we are. We spend our lives fighting to get people very slightly less stupid than we are to accept truths that the great men have always known. They have always known, they know we are here, the boulder-pushers. They know we will go on pushing the boulder up the lower slopes of an immensely high mountain, while they stand on the top of the mountain, already free. All our lives, you and I, we will use all our energies, all our talents, into pushing that boulder another inch up the mountain. ” (Lessing, 1999: 824)

They open the road to salvation for each other and eventually get rid of the division of their inner world. Both of them arrive at a new integration. When they are to depart, “she and Saul exchange first sentences for each other’s novels, as hopeful catalysts to start each other writing.”(Drabble, 1986: 102) Saul writes to Anna “the (The) two women are (were) alone in the London flat,”(Lessing, 1999: 1) which is actually the first sentence of this novel. Since then, Anna and Saul begin to live a hopeful life.

At the end of this novel, both Anna and Molly return to the traditional track. Returning to the normal life doesn’t mean that they give up the pursuit of freedom. They have experienced an exciting but painful experience. Their attitudes toward marriage are no longer full of hostility or hatred. Anna is ready to help those people with marriage problems in a marriage welfare center run by Dr. North. She begins to walk out of her own world and do some meaningful things for people. Molly also ends her long-term lonely life and prepares to marry a progressive businessman. The so-called free women will be integrated into the basic daily life of the British, beginning to start a new life. And Marion, who endures her husband’s infidelity, now walks out of the closed self with the help of Tommy. She bravely escapes from the loveless marriage and actively takes part in Africa’s liberation movement with Tommy.

After going through the confusions of life, free women try to begin a brand new life by integrating into normal life. To accept the reality of imperfect and go into the reality is a completely different experience for the survival of an individual. Anna and Saul have undergone a process of shifting from hostility to understanding. They come to realize that men and women are a complementary whole and absolute freedom doesn’t exist. A more harmonious bisexual relationship is based on mutual understanding.

4. Conclusion

Women have been continuously treated with discrimination and subordination for a long time. Women are eager to call for freedom and equality in the man-dominated society. Lessing, the great women writer, always buries in her mind female spiritual world. In her masterpiece The Golden Notebook, she records the growth and transformation of different women in the form of notes. She presents diversified feminist characters and guides readers to their inner spiritual world. Anna and Molly, the two typical free women, are brave enough to pursue their real freedom and suffer a lot in the process of resistance. They experience the plight in political field, the bottleneck in the career life and the disillusion of their marriage. Marion has her own problems, too. She is betrayed by her husband and chooses drinking to fight against her fate. Through an analysis of female characters who have feminist features and the sophisticated relationships between them, female spiritual world can be found.

Modern women’s inner world and the confusions they are confronted with are always the focus of this paper. Free women are economically independent, but they have a strong attachment on men. The feminist movement liberates them from marriage, so they can have a fair competition with men. Wanting their voice to be heard, they fight bravely for their fate, in positive ways or negative ones. After ups and downs of their life, they become maturer than before and have a deeper understanding of marriage. They come to realize that mutual understanding is the key to achieve true freedom. They also know what kind of life they want to live. The result is that some choose to return home and some prefer to continue searching for freedom. Women build their discourse from this self-denial and self-examination.

Works Cited

[1] Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views: Doris Lessing. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.

[2] Drabble, Margaret. Critical Essays on Doris Lessing. New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1986.

[3] Ghosh, Tapan K. Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook: A Critical Study. New Delhi: Chaman Offset Press, 2006.

[4] Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1999.

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