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摘 要

吸血鬼是一个流传很久的民间文学形象，在西方文化中具有深厚的历史背景和现实意义，深受世界各地人们的喜爱和追捧。《夜访吸血鬼》是安妮·赖斯于1976年出版的第一部吸血鬼小说，获得了很大的成功，也引起了各界的讨论。路易是安妮·赖斯吸血鬼小说中一个比较典型的吸血鬼角色。在路易变成吸血鬼之后，他的生活发生了很多变化。大部分学者主要关注该书中的一些另类话题，例如书中男同性恋和特殊家庭。很少有人从心理学角度分析书中的主要人物。本文试图从马斯洛需求层次理论来分析路易的不同需求。通过这个分析，我们可以了解更多关于吸血鬼文化的知识，也可以引起更多对吸血鬼文化的研究和关注。本文还分析了路易的行为所反射的一些社会问题，如美国社会的宗教危机和人们自我认同感的降低等。

关键词：吸血鬼；行为活动；马斯洛理论；需求；反射

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 3

3. Maslow’s Need-hierarchy Theory 4

4. The Analysis of Louis’s Behaviors under Maslow’s Theory 6

4.1 The Instinctive Desire for Blood 6

4.2 Keeping away from Dangers 7

4.3 Belonging and Love from Louis’s Nuclear Family 8

4.4 Louis’s Choice of Armand for Esteem Needs 9

4.5 Louis’s Failure to Realize Self-actualization 10

5. The Reflections of Louis’s Behaviors 11

5.1 The Crisis of Religion 11

5.2 The Decline of Self-identity 12

6. Conclusion 13

Works Cited 14

1. Introduction

The word “vampire” comes from Slavic word “obyri”. It is said that the vampire history is as long as or even longer than the history of human beings. A historian Brian J. Frost held that “we accept the proposition that the belief in vampires and bloodsucking demons is as old as man himself” (1989:3). The more people want to know, the more addicted to vampire culture they will be.

Vampires are supernatural, mysterious and evil creatures, they appear at night and drink human’s blood. Vampire culture is like the universe, expansive and mysterious. “The generation of the vampire is the result from the fear of mysterious powers. People can’t explain this phenomenon, so they become eager to know more about vampires. Then, the vampire culture is enriched” (Li Yuefeng, 2011:2). Concerning the vampire ancestors, the most popular explanation is closely associated with the Christianity. The vampire ancestors are considered as Cain and Judas according to the Bible. “Cain was the first son of Adam and Eve, and he killed his younger brother Abel because of his jealousy. Then he was published seriously and was exiled by God”(Liu Yanan, 2011:4). “Judas was turned into a blood sucker by God after his suicide. God was very sorrowful for his son’s death, so he made Judas the first vampire suffering from the nature of bloodsucking immortally” (Wang Yajun, 2011:2). Therefore, Cain and Judas were regarded as the first vampires by a great many people, indicating that the vampire’s birth derived from the religious beliefs. Religions, especially the Christianity, have a significant impact on vampire culture.

About what vampires are, there are some different definitions. One brief definition is that a vampire is “a soul or re-animated body of a dead person believed to come from the grave and wonder about by night sucking the blood of persons asleep, causing their death”(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2002:679). There is also an authoritative definition given by a famous biblical exegete:

“We are told that dead men, men who have been dead for several months, I say, return from the tomb, are heard to speak, walk about, infest hamlets and villages, injure both men and animals, whose blood they drain thereby making them sick and ill, and at length actually causing death. Nor can men deliver themselves from these terrible visitations, nor secure themselves from these horrid attacks, unless they dig the corpses up from the graves, drive a sharp stake through their bodies, cut off the heads, tear out the hearts; or else they burn the bodies to ashes. The name given to these ghosts is Oupires, or Vampires. (Calmet, Christmas and Leatherdale, 1993:336)”

From these definitions, we can learn the general traits of the vampires: living-dead, blood, darkness and grave. These mysterious traits make us addicted to exploring vampires and vampire culture.

Anne Rice, who is called the mother of vampire, is one of the most famous writers in contemporary America. Her abundant work experience before becoming famous helped her a lot when she wrote the vampire novels. She is the mentor for readers to know the gloomy gothic world. Her vampire chronicle is a rebel and devastation of the traditional ethical relations and myth. Interview with the Vampire was her first vampire novel, which was published in 1976. In this book, Anne Rice creates two kinds of vampires. One kind includes those vampires who are pursuing self-dignity and beauty industriously, such as Louis and Claudia. But they are always not accepted by society. Although they have supernatural power, they are still under the threat of death. Besides these vampires, the other vampires are crazy about killings without human emotion and nature, such as Lestat. These vampires live a lonely life, even the supernatural power can not make them satisfied.

Interview with the Vampire tells a vampire story through a conversation between Louis and an interviewer. Louis is the main character in Interview with the Vampire. He was born in New Orleans in late 18^th century. After his little brother’s death, he is full of remorse and is turned into a vampire by Lestat. He can’t accept the lifestyle of Lestat, which causes the contradiction between Louis and Lestat. In order to alleviate their relationship, Lestat turns Claudia into a vampire, and then, they make up a nuclear family. After rebelling against Lestat for different lifestyles and opinions, Louis meets Armand. Armand can accept and understand Louis’s inner thoughts. In this book, Louis tells the story from a view of first person throughout the whole interview. Therefore, the analysis of Louis’s behaviors is very necessary. This thesis will analyze Louis’s behaviors from Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory and the reflections of his behaviors on American society. From this point of view, people can know more about the vampires and vampire culture.

2. Literature Review

For Anne Rice and her Interview with the Vampire, there are lots of comments abroad ranging from philosophy, feminism to psychology.

For instance, George E. Haggerty focuses on the perspective of male-male relationship in his thesis Anne Rice and the Queering of Culture (1998). He analyzes Rice’s Interview with the Vampire with a homosexual interpretation. He claims that vampires and gays have something in common. Now, gays belong to a special group that they can’t be accepted by society, which is just like vampires. Besides, in Candace R. Benefiel’s thesis Blood Relations: the Gothic Perversion of the Nuclear Family in Anne Rice’s Interview with the Vampire (2004), he pays much attention to the analysis of the family structure and their relations. And he points out that Louis’s desire for family remains constant because of the loss of his mortal and immortal family. His analysis played an important role in my following analysis of this nuclear family.

Compared with the studies in western countries, researches in China are not as popular as those abroad because the domestic researches are later than abroad. But now, more and more scholars are interested in the vampire studies. In 1997, Jiang Qiuxia has translated Interview with the Vampire into Chinese. In this thesis, the latest interpretation of Jiang will be quoted.

In China, researches can be divided into three aspects. The first aspect is the comparison between the vampire culture in Interview with the Vampire and the ghosts in Chinese stories. Writers usually find the significant value of ghosts in literature works through the comparison between the western ghosts and Chinese ghosts. In 2008, Wei Xiaoyan made a comparison of the characters in Interview with the Vampire and Strange Tales of Liaozhai in her essay. She holds that ghosts can reflect the folk-custom culture in both western and eastern worlds. The differences between ghosts and vampires are due to their different backgrounds. The second aspect is the study of the homosexuality between the male vampires. Mai Yongxiong and Fu Feiliang have analyzed the complicated emotions of the American gays in their thesis The Gays in “Interview with the Vampire” in 2008. The third aspect is the analysis of the main characters, such as Louis, Lestat and Claudia. For instance, Wang Zhen analyzes the Louis’s images from the perspective of psychology in her essay Analysis of Louis in Interview with the Vampire: A Perspective of Freud’s Personality Theory (2012). She analyzes his behaviors, emotion or choices resulted from the conflicts among his id, superego and ego. And Qiu Ju also makes an analysis of Louis in her essay A Quest for Meaning in Existence: Louis’s Journey in Interview with the Vampire (2009). She analyzes the beginning, process and ending of Louis’s journey and indicates that his journey is a metaphor of Rice’s spirit and some people’s struggle.

Generally speaking, all these researches contribute a lot to the formation of my thesis whether abroad or at home. Although there are many studies of Interview with the Vampire, there are few researches analyzing the characters from the perspective of psychology. Therefore, this thesis will focus on the analysis of Louis’s behaviors from Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory.

3. Maslow’s Need-hierarchy Theory

As a social psychologist and personality theorist, Abraham Harold Maslow puts forward a whole view of people’s motivations and his motivational theory is called “need-hierarchy theory”. This theory is the most influential one among his several famous theories. So far, it still plays an important role in many fields of study and real life. According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, people’s motivation consists of different needs. These needs range from low to high. They are the physiological needs, security needs, needs of belonging and love, esteem needs and the needs for self-actualization (Maslow, 2007:18-29). If one need is fulfilled, an advanced need will come into being immediately and become the force to guide people’s behaviors.

The physiological needs are the most fundamental and natural needs, such as eating, dressing, living and medical treatment. It is said that “the physiological needs play a dominant role in all the needs” (Maslow, 2007:19). That is to say, if you don’t fulfill any of your needs, physiological needs will rank first in your list rather than other needs. If people don’t meet these needs, they will have their life in danger. A man who doesn’t solve his food and clothing problems can not talk about self-actualization. That is to say, the physiological needs are the strongest and inevitable needs. And they have a great power to drive people to act.

“When one need is realized, another need will replace its position. People are always hoping something, which is a character throughout their life,” according to Maslow (2007:8). Therefore, the security needs are achieved on the basis of the fulfillment of the first level. These needs mean that people have labor safety, occupational safety, life stability, disaster avoidance and future ensurance. Everyone in the real life will have desires for security, freedom and power of defense.

The following level is the need of belonging and love. It means that people are eager to get others’ understanding and concern, especially from their family, community, friends and colleagues. The needs of belonging and love are the desires for friendship, trust and warmth. Compared with the security needs, these needs are more subtle and elusive. They can’t be measured because they are related to the personal characteristics, experiences, regions, living styles and religious beliefs.

The fourth level is about the esteem needs. They can be divided into self-esteem and the respect of others. As Maslow said, “the fulfillment of esteem needs may cause a feeling of confidence, which makes people feel that they are worthy, powerful, capable and necessary in the world” (2007:28). Generally speaking, people can seldom achieve the entire esteem needs, but the basic realization is enough to generate impetus. For example, if one can get respect from his friends and families, he will have enough power to go on. It is unnecessary for him to get everyone’s respect.

Needs for self-actualization are at the highest level. Self-actualization, which means a tendency of the realization of human potential, was first created by Goldstein in 1939 (Maslow, 2007:29). Needs for self-actualization are the spiritual needs. To fulfill these needs, people should develop their potential abilities and try their best to be someone they want to be. However, it is impossible for everyone to realize self-actualization. That is because “self-actualized persons are excellent and powerful…they can accept themselves not only at lower levels, but also at the higher levels” (Maslow, 2007:164).

Esteem needs

Needs of belonging and love

Security needs

Physiological needs

Self-actualization needs

Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory

4. The Analysis of Louis’s Behaviors under Maslow’s Theory

A vampire is the re-animated body of a dead person. Vampires and humans have something in common, such as the needs for living, security, love, and self-actualization and so on. The following will analyze Louis’s desires at different levels according to Maslow’s theory.

4.1 The Instinctive Desire for Blood

According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, physiological needs are the fundamental needs. For vampires, drinking people’s blood for living is the primary need. Blood is the only food of them and gives power to their behaviors. Wang Zhen says, “Killing, especially killing human beings is not only a way to appease hunger, but also a way of getting spiritual satisfaction” (2012:23). Without blood, vampires can not do things normally. When Louis becomes a vampire at the beginning, he still keeps his humanity and refuses to drink people’s blood. Instead, he drinks animals’ blood to maintain his energy. No matter how Lestat tries to persuade him, he just does what he wants to do. Whenever he smells fresh blood, he struggles constantly in his heart. For a very long time, Louis doesn’t drink any people’s blood. Although he resists drinking human blood, he can not deny his instinctive desire. This can be proved from two encounters. The first is the encounter with Claudia, a five-year-old girl. Louis finds that he is enchanted with Claudia and can’t stop sucking blood for her strong vitality. Then, Lestat makes full use of Louis’s mental activity to seduce him. He constantly reminds Louis of Claudia’s fresh blood and powerful vitality. Louis’s instinctive desire for blood is aroused by Claudia and he helps Lestat turn Claudia into a Vampire. Thus it can be seen that vampires can not refuse blood-sucking. Louis’s encounter with Armand is the second evidence. He finds that Armand can make a boy provide fresh blood for him with pleasure. Louis can’t help drinking the boy’s blood when the boy extends his neck to Louis actively. The charm of the boy’s blood can be proved by Louis’s psychological activities: “the sight of the boy brought back to me in a shock the teasing pleasure of the naked woman on the stage, her prone body, the pulsing blood” (Rice, 2007:204). At that moment, Louis’s instinctive desire is aroused by the boy and he fails to push the boy away. He obeys his desire for blood-sucking. Whether the blood is of animals or of human, Louis has a strong desire for blood, so do the other vampires.

4.2 Keeping away from Dangers

For Louis, the security needs means not only keeping away from physical dangers caused by human beings and other vampires, but also getting the psychological security. After being turned into a vampire, sleeping becomes a serious problem. Lestat says: “sleeping apart means the division of security and the alertness will double if they take precautions together” (Rice, 2007:30). They always act together in order to avoid human’s attacks. Four years later, Louis finds that their behaviors have caused the slaves’ suspicion. He says: “they have enough evidences to know what we are…we are monsters, we are so powerful that they can’t escape. They have to destroy us” (Rice, 2007:44). These slaves cause threat to their existence. To guarantee their security, they damage their house and leave. Another example is about Louis’s revenge. After Claudia is killed by the vampires in the vampire theater, Louis burns the theater by himself with a strong determination. He says: “I went over a plan in my mind, a plan on which I was willing to gamble my life with the powerful freedom of a being who truly does not care for that life, who has the extraordinary strength of being willing to die” (Rice, 2007:281). For Louis, it is reasonable for Claudia to kill Lestat. So after other vampires kill Claudia, he thinks that his security is under threats. He must get rid of them for the purpose of revenge and security.

Besides physical security, psychological safety is also important for Louis. That is why Louis has been searching for the origin of the vampire. He says to Lestat: “there must be someone else in the world to teach me these things. Certainly you’re not the only vampire (Rice, 2007:30)”. He thinks that if he can find the origin of the vampire, he will have a sense of security in his mind. Other vampires can also teach him how to live so that he can be safe and at ease in his heart. Finally, after Claudia’s death, Louis becomes indifferent about everything and stops his quest for the origin, so he fails to find the origin. But at least his encounter with Armand has given him a sense of psychological safety.

4.3 Belonging and Love from Louis’s Nuclear Family

The need of belonging and love means the desire for kinship, friendship, trust and warmth from Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory. In Interview with the Vampire, in order to stay with Louis, Lestat turns Claudia into a vampire and they three make up a nuclear family. However, even “in real life, having a baby to save a relationship is not an optimal decision” (Benefied, 2004:267). Thus, in this family, not only family affection, love and warmth, but also rebellion can be easily felt. Lestat considers Claudia as his daughter and he always gives her the best things and makes her beautiful. As Rice writes in her novel:

“An endless train of dressmakers and shoemakers and tailors came to our flat to outfit Claudia in the best of children’s fashions, so that she was always a vision, not just of child beauty, with her curling lashes and her glorious yellow hair, but of the taste of finely trimmed bonnets and tiny lace gloves, flaring velvet coats and capes, and sheer white puffed-sleeve gowns with gleaming blue sashes (2007:86).”

It seems that he gives birth to Claudia. For Louis, in order to satisfy his desires for belonging and love, he chooses to raise Claudia. Since he is attracted by Claudia’s strong vitality before Claudia becomes a vampire and feels guilty to suck her blood, he begins to teach her how to suck blood to renew her life. He thinks that “there was much pleasure in caring for her” (Rice, 2007:84). After living with each other for a long time, they seem more like lovers than father and daughter. During this period, they accompany and care for each other. The relationship and warmth in this nuclear family satisfies their needs of belonging and love.

4.4 Louis’s Choice of Armand for Esteem Needs

When Louis’s three lower needs are achieved, he begins to realize higher needs. According to Maslow, “except a few sick people, all the people in society have the needs or desires for getting a stable, constant and comparatively higher evaluation of themselves” (2005:28). These needs are called esteem needs. They consist of two parts: self-esteem and others’ respect. His needs can be embodied in his rebellion from Lestat and his choice of Armand. Although Louis is a vampire, he also has esteem needs. He is an educated noble youth and has his own principles. Humanity is maintained in his mind and desires are restrained consistently. He shows his respect to human’s lives, as if he is still a human being. Even though he has instinctive desires for human’s body, he respects his own thoughts and heart for not sucking people’s blood. Respecting his heart means respecting himself. He insists on the principles of his own. This is his self-esteem. When Lestat seduces him with fresh blood and the charming women, he is outraged. He thinks that Lestat does not understand him and respect his feelings. Throughout the whole story, he wants to betray Lestat and leave him. Eventually, he leaves and then chooses Armand. For Louis, Armand is the one who attracts and understands him. When he met Armand at the first time, he said in his heart: “how each time he spoke he seemed to arise out of a state of contemplation very like that state into which I felt I was drifting, from which it took so much to wrench myself; and yet he never moved, and seemed at all times alert” (Rice, 2007:210). Louis is fascinated by Armand deeply. Armand is also attracted by Louis. He says: “I want you. I want you more than anything in the world” (Rice, 2007:256). Their encounter is very meaningful. It seems that they are doomed to come across each other. Armand respects Louis’s ideas and gives him what Lestat can not give. To a certain extent, Louis’s choice of Armand satisfies his desires for others’ respect.

4.5 Louis’s Failure to Realize Self-actualization

While it is easy to realize the lower needs, it is comparatively hard to realize the higher needs, especially the self-actualization. No one can realize self-actualization completely. Maslow holds that “but if one can really know his own higher needs and what he wants, it is an important psychological achievement without question” (2007:33). Louis is one of those people who can not meet their higher needs. Self-actualization, a spiritual need, means that people can develop their potential abilities and try their best to be someone they want to be. Louis denies the fact that he is a vampire and tries his best to keep his humanity. In order to understand his meaning of existence, he starts his journey to quest for the origin of vampires. He tries to keep humanity all the time and wants to live like a human being in the journey. When he stays with Armand, he always asks Armand questions about the existence of God and Satan. When being asked whether vampires are children of Satan or of God, Armand tells him:

“Children of Satan! Children of God! Is this the only question you bring to me, is this the only power that obsesses you, so that you must make us gods and devils yourself when the only power that exists is inside ourselves? How could you believe in these old fantastical lies, these myths, these emblems of the supernatural?”(Rice, 2007:215)

Armand’s interrogation of Louis’s questions degrades the significance of Louis’s searching. With the failure to find the meaning of his existence, Louis doesn’t care about anything any more. Near the end of the story, he tells the interviewer: “I never changed after that. I sought for nothing in the one great source of change which is humanity. And even in my love and absorption with the beauty of the world, I sought to learn nothing that could be given back to humanity” (Rice, 2007:293).

Louis fails to quest for the meaning, meanwhile, he also fails to keep his precious humanity. His desire for being a normal person who can live in the sun is disillusioned. As far as Sun Yajie is concerned: “his failure of the pursuit for the meaning of his existence is destined. Louis is a tragic figure from the very beginning, and that is the tragedy of being a vampire” (2012:32). So it is doomed that he can not realize self-actualization.

5. The Reflections of Louis’s Behaviors

Anne Rice wrote this novel in late 20^th century. At that time, America was under a range of dark clouds and “vampires had become a carrier of the social conditions, such as homosexuality, Aids and drug-taking” (Ying Peng, 2012:308). It is also said:

“The vampire novels of Anne Rice are different from those vampire novels that focus on horrible plots and religious revenge. Rice’s novels describe the verisimilitudes in virtual world to indicate the reality in the real world and express the secrets of humanity through the vampires’ inner world (Liu Xingyan, 2011:3)”.

In Interview with the Vampire, as a first-person narrator, Louis plays a very important role in the whole story. To a certain extent, Louis’s behaviors reflect some problems in American society. The following will discuss two problems according to Louis’s behaviors.

5.1 The Crisis of Religion

Vampires often remind people of the religion, for they come into being with the birth of religion. Liu Ying holds that “the vampire has built a unique relationship with religion and spirituality in the modern era” (2012:31).

Louis grows up in a Christian family, he believes in the existence of God. However, with the presence of Lestat, Louis becomes to realize that his conviction in God is absurd. For being a vampire whose life relies on blood-sucking or on human beings’ death, Louis and other vampires have never been punished by God. Therefore, Louis begins to doubt that whether God exists or not? This question is not only proposed by Louis, but also asked by Rice and lots of people of her generation. We all know, America is a great country in the world and the largest religious group is Christianity. There are lots of people believe in Christianity. However, after the two World Wars, American people underwent great hardships. They suffered from endless disaster and turbulence in the 20^th century. Their beliefs in God did not help them get rid of these misfortunes. Beneath the fear of wars, people became disappointed with their beliefs and gradually had doubts about their future. In addition to the misfortunes, the two wars also brought many other changes in transportation, communication, medicine and technology. The development of technology and society made people’s mind broader. People began to have their own thoughts and no longer just believed in God. “Since the 18^th century, millions of young Christians have abandoned religion at the age of fourteen or fifteen, upon discovering that the God was pure illusion and had no value in reality,” according to Liu Ying (2012:32). The development of science and technology make people more believe in science than in the unreal supernatural power. Moreover, the flourish of lots of academic theories also shakes public’s attitudes toward religion, such as Darwin’s theory of evolution, Marxism, Sigmund Freud’s personality theory and so on. All these elements result in the crisis of religion. Take Freud’s personality theory for example, while there are conflicts between people’s ego and superego, people will face their psychological battles and have false behaviors without regulations. Anne Rice creates Louis to express her confusion in American society. Louis’s quest for God and origin reflects the crisis of religion that many American people face in modern society.

5.2 The Decline of Self-identity

Vampires are evil and dark creatures, immortal and living-dead. They are isolated by human beings but have to shelter in the human world. Abandoned by God, they do not have religious beliefs. In Interview with the Vampire, Louis keeps searching for the meaning of his existence and tries his best to be accepted by human’s society, but is always completely isolated from human world. Many Americans are the same as Louis in searching the meaning of their lives. Louis is just a representative of the people, which are struggling for self-identity.

America is often regarded as a big melting pot, consisting of a large amount of immigrants with different backgrounds. People in America have different dreams for their future. They want to be accepted by the society and realize their dreams. However, “in nearly every country, there are groups that suffer discrimination, displacement and poverty solely because of their ethnicity, beliefs, languages or social class” (Liu Ying, 2012:32). Discrimination at different degrees makes some people disappointed at the reality. Although they are eager to find a sense of social belonging, their struggles are often accompanied by lots of disappointment and obstacles, which decline their self-identity, thus they have less and less confidence. After Claudia is killed by other vampires because she killed Lestat, Louis becomes indifferent to everything. People in American society become more and more indifferent to the surroundings. Louis’s behaviors are just the embodiment of many Americans’ psychology.

6. Conclusion

To sum up, in Interview with the Vampire, the first vampire novel of Anne Rice, she creates many typical vampires who are no longer horrible and vicious demons. Vampires in Rice’s novels are often good-looking and gentle nobles, especially Louis. With the analysis of Louis’s behaviors in detail from Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, we can not only understand Louis’s desires at different levels, but also know some social problems reflected from his behaviors.

From Maslow’s theory, Louis’s behaviors can be analyzed in detail. Louis’s physiological needs, security needs, needs of belonging and love, esteem needs and needs for self-actualization are shown clearly from the comprehensive analysis. Some of his behaviors also reflect human psychology. It is said that every character created by an author should have a prototype in society or in history. In Interview with the Vampire, Louis’s confusion and disappointment embody the present situations of some Americans. We can have a good understanding of American society while having a good understanding of vampire culture.

With the development of media technology, vampires are becoming more and more popular and win a lot of fans. This thesis displays a further analysis of the main character Louis from Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory. However, there exist some limitations in this thesis, too. For example, the analysis is aimed at Louis’s behaviors, which is not suitable for other characters in Interview with the Vampire. Besides, the social problems are not thoroughly analyzed. There are some other problems such as homosexuality and revenge. Therefore, it is necessary to do further researches on other characters and from other different perspectives. It is hoped that this thesis would draw much attention to Anne Rice’s novels and vampire culture.

Works Cited

[1] Calmet, A., H. Christmas, and C. Leatherdale. “Treatise on Vampiresamp; Revenants: The Phanton World”. The United States of America: Desert Island Books, 1993.

[2] Candace R. Benefiel. “Blood Relations: the Gothic Perversion of the Nuclear Family in Anne Rice’s Interview with the Vampire”. The Journal of Popular Culture , 2004 (38):261-273.

[3] Frost, Brian J. “The Monster with a Thousand Faces: Guises of the Vampires in Myth and Literature”. University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 (2):17-23.

[4] Haggerty, George E. “Anne Rice and the Queering of Culture”. NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 1998 (32):5-18.

[5] Liu Xingyan. “Research on the Vampire Image in Anne Rice’s Novels” (Master’s thesis). Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University, 2011.

[6] Wang Zhen. “Analysis of Louis in Interview with the Vampire: A perspective of Freud’s Personality Theory” (Master’s thesis). Guangxi: University of Guangxi Press, 2012.

[7] Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. USA: Merriam Webster, 2002.

[8] 安妮·赖斯.《夜访吸血鬼》. 姜秋霞，等译. 南京：译林出版社，2007.

[9] 李跃峰.《吸血鬼文化为什么根植于西方文化如此之深》. 疯狂英语教师版, 2011(3):159-165.

[10] 刘亚男. 《德拉库拉-一种经典影像的文化研究》(硕士论文). 山东师范大学，2011.

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