1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1. Introduction 1.1Hemingway and The Sun Also Rises Ernest Miller Hemingway, born in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, USA， is considered to be one of the most famous novelists of the 20th century. Hemingway has won many awards in his life. He was awarded the Silver Brave Medal during the First World War; Old man and sea get the Pulitzer Prize; In 1954, The Old Man And The Sea won The Nobel Prize in Literature. In 2001, Hemingway#8217;s The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell To Arms were included in the "100 Best English Novels in the 20th Century" by the American Modern Library. On July 2, 1961, Hemingway was killed by a shotgun in Ketchum#8217;s home at Idaho. Hemingway had been married four times, which made his life complicate. He is a representative writer of "The Lost Generation" who has shown confusion and hesitation to life, world and society. He has been known as the tough guy in the literary world. He is a spiritual monument of the American nation. Hemingway's works marked his unique creation. The style of formation has an important position in the history of American literature and even in the history of world literature. The 1920s was an era of comprehensive economic, social and cultural transformation. The World War I made the US the most powerful capitalist. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have brought about intense turmoil and chaos. The economic growth of the United States has created abundant commodity supply such as daily consumer goods, urban lifestyles such as entertainment, tourism and leisure, as well as advertisements and media. Consumerism has actually emerged in the US. In this context, Hemingway created The Sun Also Rises. In the World War I, American youth Barnes was injured in the spine and lost his sexual ability. When he was a reporter in Paris after the war, he fell in love with the British lady Mrs. Ashley. The lady pursued pleasure, and he could only drown his sorrows in wine. Two men and a group of men and women went to Pamplona, Spain to participate in the Bullfighting Festival, pursuing spiritual stimulation. The lady refused the hard pursuit of the Jewish youth Cohen, but fell in love with the 19-year-old bullfighter Romero. However, after getting along for a while, because of the disparity in the age, and Mrs. Ashley could not bear to destroy the future of the pure youth, this love ended in vain. The lady finally returned to Barnes, although they both knew that each other could never really be combined. The title "The Sun Also Rises" is quoted in the fifth section of the first chapter of the Old Testament Ecclesiastes. This chapter is especially profound that everything in the world is real and false. Hemingway also quoted a passage as an introduction to the novel: "After the past, the generations come again, but the land will last forever. The sun comes out, the sun falls, and the land is rushed. The wind is blowing south and turning north again. The rotation does not stop, and returns to the original road. The rivers flow into the sea, but the sea is not full. Where does the river flow from, and where it will return." This paragraph expresses the nihilistic thought that has a deep influence on Hemingway. For Hemingway, the world war has had a very big impact on the traditional beliefs of him and his generation of young people. Everything they experienced in the brutal war was in close contact with death, but after the war they were incompatible with society, and they were disillusioned and confused about reality and life. The novel is based on the historical period of 1924-1925 and the famous city, Paris. The emotional entanglement between them reflects the painful and sad state of mind that this generation has awakened after waking up.For the American readers of that time, the charm of The Sun Also Rises is largely due to the novel's description of the cultural consumerism lifestyle. Obviously these narratives are exotic in keeping with the overall cultural temperament of the so-called "Jazz Age." In line with the cultural and psychological needs of the consumer in the United States in the 1920s. The author has become the spokesperson of "The Lost Generation" and has created a unique Hemingway style. In this novel, Hemingway not only focuses on that "The Lost Generation" went on the batter for seeking comfort in the loss and despair, but also expresses that "Wasteland People" who negate everything and cynicism in search of a new way out in the predicament reveal their spirit of perseverance in pursuing freedom, justice, individual liberation and personality independence. The novel condenses and condenses the young Hemingway's own thoughts, emotions, reason, pain and his glimpse of the future. He is a deep extension of Hemingway's own life experience and philosophical thinking. 1.2Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota. His father is a furniture dealer. He tried to write script when he was young. After completing high school, he was admitted to Princeton University. At the time of the school, he once organized a troupe and wrote a manuscript for the literary publications on campus. Because of the poor health, he dropped out of school. He joined the army in 1917 and was busy with military training all the time. He did not go abroad to fight. He kept amateur writing after retiring. And then he published a novel Heaven On Earth in 1920. Because of this, he became famous. He married with Zelda. After marriage, he lived in Paris with his wife and met many American writers such as Anderson and Hemingway. The publication of The Great Gatsby in 1925 established his position in the history of modern American literature. He became a spokesperson for the "Jazz Age" in the 1920s and one of the representative writers of the "The Lost Generation". After Fitzgerald became famous, he continued to work diligently, but his wife paid attention to the stage after marriage. Later, she was insane and profligate, causing great pain to him.He was financially unable to make ends meet and once went to Hollywood to write a script to earn money to make a living. In 1936, he was unfortunately infected with lung disease. His wife could not afford another illness, which made him almost impossible to create. His spirit collapsed and he was drunk all day long.He had a heart attack on December 21, 1940 and died in Los Angeles, only 44 years old. The 1920s was a short and special period in American history. The history was called the "Noisy Era", referring to the 10 years before 1929, after the end of the First World War, before the collapse of the US economy. At the mercy of this era, Fitzgerald created The Great Gatsby. The protagonist James Cazben is a poor farmer in North Dakota. He dreamed of being a big man. After some hard work, he finally stepped up and changed his name to Jay Gatsby. When he was in the middle of a military training camp, he fell in love with the people of the South. But when he returned from overseas after wearing the military medal, she married a strong, extremely wealthy but rude man Tom Buchanan from Chicago, immersed in the dream of love. Gatsby worked hard and became a millionaire by a poor military officer. He bought a luxury villa at the western end of Long Island, and the Buchanan couple living in the east end across the bay. His house was lit up every night, and groups of guests drank alcohol. His only wish was to see the lovers who had been separated for five years. When they reunited, Gatsby thought that time could be reversed and relive the old dreams. But over time, he found that she was not like his dream lover. Not long after he waking up, Daisy killed her husband's mistress by car accident, which was attributed to Gatsby by Tom. Gatsby was finally killed, and he didn't come to the funeral. Narrator Nick saw the coldness, cruel and sinister of the rich in the upper class. So he leaving New York and returning to the hometown of the Midwest. In the 1920s, many Americans equated happiness with material success. If a person can "become a rich man from the clothed family,"(Fitzgerald 192) the ensuing must be the rise of status and indulge. However, there is no equation between happiness and material success, so there is no realistic basis for such an idea. This is an epidemic of American youth in the 1920s. Fitzgerald was keenly aware of the hypocrisy and poison of this concept, and the death of Gatsby's tragedy sounded the death knell of the "American Dream". At the same time, it reveals the degraded morality, inferiority and suffering under the prosperous and sophisticated appearance of the eastern society. In addition, the contradiction of the "American Dream" is like this: on the one hand, everyone wants to strive for self-success, but on the other hand, what they are pursuing is a dream that is divorced from social reality. Gatsby is no exception. The goal he pursues is itself a fantasy. His "American Dream" is actually just a tempting quagmire. In 1925, with the publication of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald was hailed as the spokesperson of the Jazz Age in the 1920s. In his short stories and novels, the writer shows the reader a specific chapter in American history, that is, the social atmosphere of indulging in the post-war boom period, providing detailed information for the study of corruption and corruption in society during that period. Fitzgerald is known as an excellent chronicler of the American jazz era. The Great Gatsby is regarded as the most outstanding work of Fitzgerald, which is inseparable from the 1920s (the Roaring Twenties) that vividly reflects the real era. Reflecting the truth is also the vitality of the novel. 1.3Need for the study This topic will compare and analyze the narrative art in Hemingway and Fitzgerald's novels from the perspective of narratology, and explore two important representatives as "The Lost Generation" from the comparison, using their respective narrative art, through literature. The creations collectively reflect the inability and embarrassment of the Americans in the aftermath of the attempt to regain their lives, and the sharp contrast between the extreme prosperity of American society after the war and the American spirit. The comparative research on Hemingway and Fitzgerald focuses on the traumatic experiences of the two writers, the theme of the works, the characters' depictions, and the style of creation. This topic will try to systematically compare Hemingway and Fitzgerald novels. The narrative art and aesthetic meaning provide some reference for future researchers. 2. Literature review 2.1 The introduction about ”The Lost Generation” The World War I broke out in 1914. The four-year imperialist powers divide the world's wars into a great catastrophe in human history. The European countries killed 8.4 million people, injured 21 million people, and lost more than 20 billion dollars in economic losses. The United States officially announced its participation in the war as late as April 6, 1917. As a result, the losses were relatively small, 48,000 people were killed, 230,000 were injured, and the total number of deaths due to diseases and other factors reached 112,000. But the impact of this war on American society in terms of politics, economy and culture is enormous and far-reaching. From the pre-war debtor country to the post-war creditor country, the United States became the economic center of the world in one fell swoop, its military strength was significantly strengthened, and its international status was greatly enhanced. In the 1920s, the US economy entered an unprecedented period of prosperity. The wartime industry turned to civilian use and the industry achieved rapid development. Cars and telephones are becoming more popular, and household appliances such as radios, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners are entering more and more families, and radio and audio movies are coming out. The lifestyle and living standards of Americans have changed. With the rapid urbanization process and the expansion of universities, the number of people receiving higher education has also increased, providing a knowledge base for the prosperity of American literature. Along with the rapid development of the material level, the delayed concept of the first-in-command, promoted gratification, which was advocated during the accumulation of capitalism, was replaced by the indulgence of consumerism such as installment payments and advance spending. American cultural traditions based on Puritan ethics and capitalist rationality are challenged, and timely enjoyment and money worship are rampant. Behind the material prosperity is a deep spiritual crisis. "The Lost Generation" novel appeared in the 1920s and 1930s in the 20th century. This stage is "an era of miracle, an era of artistic prosperity, an era of profligacy, an era of irony"(Fitzgerald 11)in American history. The term is derived from Gertrude Stein, an American female writer living in Paris. She once said to Hemingway, "You are all lost generations." (Stein 3)Hemingway then used this sentence as the inscription of his first novel, The Sun Also Rises. "The Lost Generation" became a term in the history of American literature, used to refer to young writers who grew up after the First World War and who sang in the 1920s. There are Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, Thomas Wolf and others. It is they who have seized the characteristics of the times and expressed the problems of various social contradictions and spiritual worlds that existed in the United States and even the entire Western world. This has produced a wide-ranging influence and thus laid the foundation. The important position of American literature in world literature. Most of the "The Lost Generation" writers were born in the last decade of the 19th century and grew up in the years when the United States became more mature as a world power. In adulthood, they face the scene of the collapse of Western civilization, and they feel "lost." The world they originally understood was a world in which peace, prosperity and progress were recognized as human beings, but suddenly they were subjected to barbaric challenges that had always been thought to be impossible. In shock and frustration, they first plunged into full enthusiasm in the war to let the world once again "forever protect democracy" and "end wars of all wars."(Fitzgerald 13) When the war ended, these young people returned to the United States and found that it was not directly affected by the war. On the contrary, Americans benefited from the war and felt that their national strength was expanding and self-righteous because they were victorious. In this way, they were disappointed again, so they turned against the country that was insensitive, and devoted all their enthusiasm and vitality to literary writing. A group of new literary people have been ravaged by the times and the society, and began to innovate in terms of subject matter, stylistic style, narrative techniques, lyricism and the structure of the works. They capture the pulse of the times with their unique keenness, and engage in literary creation with a high sense of mission, a strong sense of urgency and their own unique writing attitudes and methods, showing the tragic experiences in modern social life and revealing them. The struggle between beauty and ugliness in the living environment depicts the contest between good and evil in human nature. In his own works, he focuses on the hopes, passions and social history issues that are closely related to this particular era and social life. Literature in a period became the carrier of reflection and enlightenment. Symbolism, expressionism, sentimental realism, idealism, Freudian psychoanalytic theory, and critical denial of human and society and innovation in art constitute the distinctive and distinctive features of modern American literature in this period. 2.2 Previous studies on The Sun Also Rises Thanks to the reputation of the Nobel Prize for Literature and the creative style of cutting off the leaves, Hemingway has always been the focus of research by scholars all over the world. Although the voice of comments is good or bad, it does not hinder the long-term development of Hemingway's research. In the United States, the academic research on Hemingway has been on the trend of continuous development. From the initial research in the first half of the 1950s to the fruitful results of today's research, the research perspective has also expanded. Among them, the concept of Hemingway Biography and "Criteria Heroes" written by Philip Yang in the 1950s is more prominent; in the 1960s, Hoffman made the most comprehensive evaluation of Hemingway's creative career, which opened the prolific period of Hemingway's research, Hemingway Biography was a new hot spot at the time, such as Carlos Beck's Hemingway: The Story of Life. In the 1970s, Matthew J. Brooklyn founded Fitzgerald/Hemingway 's annual publication from the books of texts, biographies and reviews which has a long-lasting influence; by the 1990s, Jackson Benson's New Method of Studying Hemingway's Short Stories, Bigel's Hemingway's Forgotten Short Stories: A New Perspective, Flora's Hemingway Short Stories Research and other new perspectives, new methods of research masterpieces. In Italy, Spain, Norway and other regions, Hemingway's works and research have experienced a process from low tide to prosperity. Hemingway's unique narrative art is also the focus of the entire academic community. Some scholars have proposed that Hemingway's unique narrative art is unique in its clean and concise "telegraph" language and symbolic creative approach, among which Robert Spiller once highly praised Hemingway#8217;s narrative art ”in his work to create symbolism and language that many people want to imitate and never learn.”(Spiller 21)Then the research on Hemingway's narrative art is more and more comprehensive. It is worth mentioning that in 1996, Alan Josephs summed up the "five characteristics" of Hemingway's narrative art in the article How Hemingway was Created. The study of future generations is of profound significance. Since Hemingway entered the Chinese readers' field of vision in the 1930s, he has been deeply loved. Although Hemingway has been dead for a long time, China's research on Hemingway has not only weakened, but has become increasingly enthusiastic. First of all, it is reflected in the translation and publication of Hemingway's works. From the earliest 1929, the American Modern Short Collection, published by Shanghai Haishu Bookstore, the Two Killers translated by Huang Jialu, and reprinted by Shanghai New Literature and Art Publishing House in the 1950s. A Farewell to Arms (1952), The Old Man and the Sea (1957), to the short stories The Killer and The Unbeaten appeared in the World Literature in the 1960s, and then in 70, 80 years. Shanghai Translation Publishing House reprinted a large number of The Old Man and the Sea (1979), A Farewell to Arms (1980), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1982), The Sun Also Rises (1984) and other Hemingway long articles. The work marks the development and maturity of Hemingway Research in China. Secondly, from the research papers, the first domestic commentary on Hemingway's article American Newcomer Hemingway was published in 1933. In the following five years, Hemingway as a short story writer, The short story of Hemingway From Aaron Po to Hemingway, Hemingway Research appeared one after another. The publication of five critical articles marks the beginning of Hemingway's research in China, affirming Hemingway's achievements and status. In the 1940s, Hemingway's visit to China promoted the development of Hemingway's research in China, and there were articles with great theoretical value such as Lin Yutang's American Communications and Lin Suijing's Introduction to Mr. Hemingway. In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by domestic politics and other aspects, China#8217;s research on Hemingway was constrained. It began to revive in the 1970s. So far, in the context of a more relaxed domestic and cultural atmosphere, the number of research scholars has increased. The development of research perspectives has been published in countless related papers and works, including Yang Renjing's The Characters in A farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls of Hemingway and Shao Shaohua's Hemingway and the Lost Generation, and the study of Hemingway, edited by Dong Hengyu, and other studies of the significance of the times.In Hemingway's narrative art, China's research is also quite rich. Among them, Dong Hengjun's Hemingway Research talks about Hemingway's creation; in the late 1980s, there were a lot of papers on Hemingway's four long classics and some short stories. the study.On the theoretical front, Wang Ning, a Chinese scholar, believes that Hemingway#8217;s unique narrative art is "not a naturalist or a symbolist, but a realist writer with a modernist consciousness," pointing out his realist works. Use the narrative features of stream of consciousness and symbolism. 2.3 Previous studies on The Great Gatsby Like his early years of fame, Fitzgerald has always been a writer who is very concerned about the critics. In addition to the beginning of the revival of Fitzgerald's research in 1945, it is particularly noteworthy in Fitzgerald's research that in 1966, it was the 100th anniversary of Fitzgerald's birth, and the academic circles raised various commemorative Philippine The activities have promoted the development of its research, and a large number of related works have emerged, such as The Reader's Guide of S. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night; after 1966, the research is more directional, especially in the 1980s, there was a new upsurge in research. In addition to the increase in the number of studies, the research perspective has also been broadened, such as the emergence of a large number of "tools" research results, the most prominent of which is Matthew J. Brooke, Fitzgerald Bibliography published in 1987 and 1972. It provides a wealth of information and ideas for Philippine fans and readers to understand Fitzgerald's novels; in addition, Fitzgerald's biography, letters, memoirs, etc. The data has also received the attention of researchers; from the works of Fitzgerald, the research presents two trends, one is the overall evaluation of Fitzgerald, Master of Literature: f. Scott F. Fitzgerald, Cambridge f. Scott Fitzgerald, Introduction to f. Scott F. Fitzgerald and so on are all outstanding research results at that time. Other scholars have conducted in-depth research on some of the works. Of course, the most research is the book The Great Gatsby, and the research results in this area are even more victorious to enumerate. In the last 10 years, researchers have analyzed Fitzgerald's works from more angles, especially from the aspects of racism, feminism, new socialist criticism, and narrative theory. Another breakthrough is that more scholars have turned their attention from the book The Great Gatsby, and more and more attention has been paid to his previous works and short stories. Fitzgerald's research in China started late, until the Chinese readers passed the Warm Blood and Cold Blood and Babylon Revisited translated in the 1980s, they can not learned the literary genius, and the Chinese research on Fitzgerald began to develop rapidly. And many domestic scholars affirmed the literary master in the history of writing literature, such as A Brief History of American Literature written by Mr. Dong Hengqi, A Brief History of American Literature written by Chang Yaoxin, and The History of American Literature in the 20th Century written by Yang Renjing have confirmed Fitzgerald's outstanding position in the history of American literature. It is worth mentioning that, similar to Hoffman's comprehensive evaluation of Hemingway, China's research in Fitzgerald also has considerable value results - Fitzgerald Research. A comprehensive introduction and commentary on Fitzgerald's life, creation and influence has greatly promoted the development of Fitzgerald's research in China. After entering the new century, the research results have been greatly improved, and the research perspective is broader. However, from the perspective of the number of papers or research, China's research on Fitzgerald is still far behind the Western research standards. The analysis of Fitzgerald's work from the perspective of narratology began in the 1990s. Wei Zhong's On the Narrative Method of the Great Gatsby and Gao Shulan's Talking about the Use of Distance Control in the Great Gatsby are representative papers. After entering the new century, the number of papers and research perspectives of Fitzgerald's novels are gradually broadened from the perspective of narratology, and Zhou Yu's The Great Gatsby's Narrative Structure Model and Artistic Effect appears. A series of excellent research papers such as Fitzgerald's Art Form View from the Narrative Form of The Great Gatsby. Regrettably, most of the narratological research is focused on Fitzgerald's brilliant work The Great Gatsby, a novel that is rarely involved in research and development. There are still many fields.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

1. Research Topic Only when there is a comparison can it be identified. Only when there is identification can it be recognized. Only the collected experience, facts and phenomena can be comparatively analyzed, and then the analysis of synthesis, inductive deduction, and classification can reveal the essential laws of things. This article explores Hemingway's 《The Sun Also Rises》and Fitzgerald's 《The Great Gatsby》to explore an important part of the history of American literature - ”The Lost Generation”. The comparison is to put together things that have certain connections with each other to investigate and find similarities and differences, in order to grasp the qualitative prescriptive characteristics unique to the research object. 2. Research Methods Major research methods will include document research, contrast,and combination of theoretical research and text study. 1). Document Research. A document research is the process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific work. The author of the thesis has looked up in many libraries some background information, including the intertextual theory, Hemingway's 《The Sun Also Rises》and Fitzgerald's 《The Great Gatsby》 In the meantime, the academic database and online materials are used as the references of the study. 2). Contrast. There are many different types of comparative research methods, such as horizontal comparison, vertical comparison, similar comparison, and heterogeneous comparison. This article will mainly be applied to horizontal comparisons #8212;comparison with works of the same era, and similar comparison #8212; the two writers are also the representative writers of "The Lost Generation". 4). Combination of theoretical research and text study.In the last part of the thesis, this article will combine the literary significance of the "The Lost Generation" studied above, connect contemporary literature with society, and sum up the practical significance of the "The Lost Generation".