超声作用下泡沫NiSn复合焊料与Al母材间的界面润湿行为研究毕业论文
2021-03-11 22:18:55
摘 要
铝及铝合金性能优异,应用广泛,采用大塑性变形技术制备的超细晶粒Al合金具有更优异的力学性能,但传统高热输入的焊接方法不适用于该合金。本文主要研究了在采用低温超声波辅助钎焊的工艺下,利用泡沫Ni/Sn复合焊料对超细晶粒Al合金进行焊接的实验方法,重点研究了超声波作用下液态钎料中所产生的空化效应等现象对超细晶粒Al合金母材表面氧化膜的破碎作用,结合实验数据阐明该方法下液态钎料对母材表面的润湿机理。
一方面,实验表明在280℃的相同温度下,决定母材表面润湿铺展的因素为超声波作用时间。Al母材表面致密的氧化膜是阻碍钎料铺展润湿的主要原因,超声波在液相中产生的空化效应可以有效的击碎氧化膜;其次,超声波的搅拌作用可以促使泡沫Ni合金对Al合金表面进行机械搅拌作用,通过摩擦去除氧化膜。超声波振动时间为5s时,上下表面焊合率分别为73.6%和63.8%金相显微镜观察下焊缝切面可以观察到很多尺寸较大的黑洞,即未焊合区域,且该区域母材表面平整,说明氧化膜破坏程度低;当超声波作用时间提高到10s时,未焊合的空洞明显减少,Ni骨架开始受压变形,母材表面起伏程度增加;当振动时间提升到15s和20s时,大尺寸的未焊合区域几乎不存在,20s时上下面焊合率高达94.7%和95.4%,超声波振动时间越长,氧化膜破碎程度越高,相应的焊合程度也越高。
其次,在不同温度下,接头组织中的Ni骨架周围生成的物质也不同,250℃时Ni骨架外除了附着的一层连续的Ni3Sn4外,还有极少量的Al3Ni生成,当温度达到280℃时,Al3Ni的数量明显增多,证明液态Sn中超声波的搅拌作用明显,Al和Sn得到了更多接触,在温度达到310℃时,靠近Al的Ni骨架表面的生成物开始呈连续状,此时生成的物质为Al3Ni和Al3Ni2,在450℃以上时,生成物就只有AlNi。
关键词:超细晶粒Al合金;泡沫Ni;超声波辅助钎焊
Abstract
Aluminum and aluminum alloy have excellent performance and wide application. Al alloy produced by SPD technology has better mechanical properties, but the traditional high heat input welding method is not suitable for this kind of alloy. In this paper, our aim is to study the low temperature ultrasonic assisted brazing method is used to weld the ultrafine grain Al alloy with foam Ni / Sn composite solder, and the effect of cavitation on the surface oxide film of ultrafine grain Al alloy base metal under ultrasonic irradiation. The experimental results show that the liquid solder on the surface of the base metal Wet mechanism.
On one hand, experiments show the factors that determine the surface wetting of the base metal are ultrasonic action time which are all at 280 ℃, the same temperature. The dense oxide film on the surface of Al base material is the main reason to prevent the spreading and spreading of the brazing material. The cavitation effect of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid phase can effectively crush the oxide film. Secondly, the stirring effect of the ultrasonic wave can promote the foaming of the Ni alloy Alloy surface for mechanical agitation, through the friction to remove the oxide film. Ultrasonic vibration time of 5s, the upper and lower surface welding rates were 73.6% and 63.8% Metallographic microscope under the observation of the weld section can be observed in many large black hole, that is, no welding area, and the area of the base material surface The results show that the degree of destruction of the oxide film is low. When the ultrasonic action time is increased to 10s, the voids of the non-welded are obviously reduced and the Ni skeleton begins to be deformed and the surface of the base material is increased. When the vibration time is increased to 15s and 20s, The size of the welding area is almost non-existent, 20s up and down the welding rate as high as 94.7% and 95.4%, the longer the ultrasonic vibration time, the higher the degree of oxidation of the oxide film, the corresponding degree of welding is also higher.
On another hand, the joint structure of the Ni skeleton around the formation of different substances, 250 ℃ Ni skeleton in addition to the attached layer of continuous Ni3Sn4, there are a very small amount of Al3Ni generation , When the temperature reached 280 ℃, the number of Al3Ni increased significantly, it was proved that the stirring effect of ultrasonic wave in liquid Sn was obvious, and Al and Sn got more contact. When the temperature reached 310 ℃, the product near the Ni skeleton surface of Al began Was continuous, at this time the formation of substances Al3Ni and Al3Ni2, At 450 ° C or higher, the product is only AlNi.
Keywords: Severe plastic deformation, Al alloys, foamed nickel,Ultrasonic-assisted soldering
目录
摘要 I
Abstract II
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 课题背景及意义 1
1.2 Al合金的焊接研究现状 2
1.2.1 超细晶粒Al合金焊接性分析 2
1.2.2 Sn基焊料无铅焊接研究现状 3
1.2.3 泡沫镍金属的发展现状 3
1.3 超声波钎焊研究现状 5
1.3.1 超声波钎焊发展概述 5
1.3.2 超声波破坏氧化膜研究现状 6
1.4 主要研究内容 8
第二章 试验设备及方法 9
2.1 试验设备及材料 9
2.2 实验过程 10
2.3 显微组织分析 11
2.4 焊合率分析 11
第三章 超声波辅助钎焊Al-Ni/Sn-Al 12
3.1 超声作用时间对Al母材表面润湿的影响 12
3.1.1 超声作用时间对接头形貌的影响 12
3.1.2 超声作用时间对焊合率的影响 14
3.1.3 超声作用下钎料对母材表面的润湿机理 16
3.2 接头显微结构的演变分析 17
3.2.1 接头显微成分分布 17
3.2.2 温度对结构演变的影响 19
结论 21
参考文献 22
致谢 24
第一章 绪论
1.1 课题背景及意义
铝及铝合金具有很多优点,在各个行业都有广泛的应用,例如建筑、家电、轻工、储罐、汽车、航空、航天等不同行业。铝合金还广泛用于轨道车辆制造业。目前,法、德、日本等国的高速客车已几乎全部用铝合金制造,我国的铝合金轨道车辆制造业已经形成大批量生产规模。铝及铝合金在成本上有很高的性价比,在物理性能上有导热性好、比强度高、比重轻、断裂韧度和疲劳强度高、成型性好、化学性能上耐腐蚀性能好。适用于铝及铝合金的焊接方法有钨极氩弧焊、熔化极惰性气体保护焊、等离子弧焊等,这类方法均属于融化焊,由于热输出大,能量集中,焊接应力大,可控尺寸精度较小。相比于传统熔化焊,钎焊的可控精度更高,焊接变形小,接头成型平整光滑,可以连接不同形状和厚度的结构件。
铝及铝合金的应用发展迅速,铝材料本身的制备技术也在日益提升和成熟,采用大塑性变形(Severe plastic deformation, SPD)技术制备的超细晶粒Al 合金具有高强度、高孔隙率以及良好的耐磨性,近年来引起了国内外学者的广泛关注[1,2]。例如,Liddicoat等人[1]通过SPD技术制得了晶粒尺寸约为几十纳米的航空7075-Al合金,其强度能达到1GPa。结合Al合金密度低、耐腐蚀性强、导电和导热性能高等众多优点,超细晶粒Al合金在航空航天、汽车、电子等领域具有广阔的应用前景。但是超细晶粒Al也有不足之处,采用SPD技术制得的超细晶粒Al合金具有较高的晶格畸变能和界面能,使其在热力学上处于亚稳状态[3,4]。 Lewandowska等人[3]指出,采用SPD技术制得的超细晶粒Al合金在200℃左右退火不超过1h时能基本保持组织和性能的稳定,进一步延长退火时间或升高退火温度至300℃以上将引起晶粒的迅速生长并急剧降低合金的强度和硬度。 因此,传统的熔焊和高温钎焊工艺不适用于超细晶粒Al 合金的连接。