轻质高强陶瓷微球制备工艺、性能及其结构的探讨毕业论文
2021-11-23 21:17:48
论文总字数:23278字
摘 要
陶瓷微球是指粒径小于1mm的无机材料微球。因其粒径及结构的独特性,陶瓷微球作为一种新型功能填充材料,在建筑、化工、石油等各个行业,应用广泛。同时,可以提高材料耐磨性、保温性、化学稳定性及耐久性,达到材料可持续使用的目的。
本文通过多方面查阅有关陶瓷微球研究领域的科技文章,并对其进行认真的分析研讨,在此基础上对陶瓷微球形成的各种工艺路线进行了调查和分析。
本文的主要研究内容和结论如下:
1、文献调研,了解国内外陶瓷微球相关研究概况和发展趋势,了解选题与社会、健康、安全、成本以及环境等因素的关系;
2、研究当前国内外所采用的制备陶瓷微球的工艺的异同、产品的性能特点、结构特性及其应用领域。制备陶瓷微球工艺最常用的方法是溶液-凝胶法,其特点是对设备要求低、制备成本低,但制备过程不易控制,成品率和球形度都相对较差。反相悬浮聚合法和聚合-诱导胶体聚集都可以通过调整制备参数调节所得微球尺寸大小,但制备过程较为复杂,且制备的微球容易畸形。模板法被广泛应用于制备空心微球;
3、研究模板法制备技术,讨论并分析其性能表征的具体方法。硬模板法虽然能够简便制备微球,但是制备步骤繁琐并且容易在移除模板时破坏微球结构;软模板法虽然可以避免繁琐操作,但所制备的微球形貌不好。因此,选用硬模板法制备陶瓷微球。因为所制备的微球球形度良好,且结构比软模板法稳定,微球不容易破裂。
4、研究讨论工艺对微球结构及性能的可能影响。采用模板法可以制得具有球形度良好、孔隙率高、高机械强度的陶瓷微球,影响陶瓷微球性能和结构的主要因素有:表面活性剂、原料、反应时间、煅烧温度、pH值等。采用适宜的工艺参数,可制得具有20 ~ 200μm粒径、孔容积在0.07 ~1.20cm3/g的陶瓷微球。采用SEM分析技术,可观察到微球的分布、孔径大小及其性状,具有非常高的气孔率。
关键词:陶瓷微球;制备工艺;模板法;空心;孔隙率
Abstract
Ceramic microbeads refer to inorganic material microspheres whose particle sizes are less than 1000μm. The microspheres with unique characteristics in particle sizes and structures can be used as a new type of functional filling materials, in industries, like construction, chemical and petroleum. By improving the properties of wear resistance, thermal insulation, chemical stability and durability, the materials can be used sustainably.
In this study, scientific and technological articles about the research field of ceramic microspheres are consulted in many aspects, and they are carefully analyzed and discussed. On this basis, various technological routes for the formation of ceramic microspheres are investigated and analyzed.
The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
1. By literatures studying, understanding the research status and development of ceramic microspheres in China and abroad, and the relationship between the selected topic and social, health, safety, cost and environmental factors;
2. To study the similarities and differences in the preparation processes of ceramic microspheres used in China and abroad, as well as the performance characteristics, structural characteristics and application fields of the products.
The most commonly used method for preparing ceramic microspheres is the solution-gel method, which is characterized by low equipment requirements and low preparation cost, but the yield and spherical degree are relatively poor. The size of the microspheres obtained by reverse-suspension polymerization and polymer-induced colloidal aggregation can be adjusted by adjusting the preparation parameters, but the preparation process is complex and the microspheres are prone to deformability. The most common method for preparing hollow microspheres is the template method;
3. The template preparation technology is widely applied in hollow microspheres preparation, it is taken as an example to be discussed and analyzed.
Although the principle of preparing microspheres by hard template method is simple, the preparation steps are complex, and the structure of microspheres is easily destroyed. Although the soft template method can avoid tedious operation, the microspheres prepared have poor morphology. Therefore, this study focuses on the hard template method. Because the prepared microspheres had good sphericity, and their structure was more stable than that of soft template method, and the microspheres were less likely to break.
4. The influence of the process on the structure and performance of microbeads is studied and discussed. The ceramic microbeads made using template method are good at sphericity, porosity and mechanical strength. The result shows that surfactant, raw materials, reaction time, calcination temperature, and pH value mainly influence the properties and structures.
Using appropriate process parameters, ceramic microbeads with a diameter of 20 ~ 200 meters and a pore volume of 0.07 ~1.20cm3/g can be produced.
Key Words:ceramic microspheres;preparation process;template method; hollow; porosity
目录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 引言 1
1.2 课题研究背景 1
1.3 课题研究内容 2
1.4 课题进行路线 2
第2章 陶瓷微球的制备工艺 3
2.1 聚合悬浮法 3
2.2 聚合-诱导胶体聚集法(PICA法) 3
2.3 模板法 4
2.4 溶胶-凝胶法 4
2.5 制备工艺的讨论及分析 5
第三章 模板法工艺及微球性能表征的探讨 7
3.1 模板法 7
3.1.1 包覆法 7
3.1.2 逐层自组装法(L - b - L组装法) 8
3.1.3 气泡模板法 9
3.1.4 硬、软模板法的对比 9
3.2 陶瓷微球的结构、性能的表征及讨论 10
3.2.1 球形度、粒径、壁厚、形貌 10
3.2.2 比表面积、孔径、孔容积 11
3.2.3 机械强度 11
3.2.5 物相分析 11
3.2.6 热学性能 12
第4章 采用模板法制备的陶瓷微球的表征及讨论 13
4.1 制备材料用量 13
4.1.1 硅源用量 13
4.1.2 pH值(溶液中H /OH-) 14
4.1.3 表面活性剂HLB值(亲水-亲油平衡值) 16
4.1.4 表面活性剂链长 18
4.2 工艺参数 19
4.2.1 反应时间 19
4.2.2 不同移除模板法 20
4.2.3 模板预吸附水量 21
4.2.4 烧结温度 23
4.3 小结 23
第5章 结论与展望 25
5.1 结论 25
5.2 展望 25
参考文献 26
致 谢 28
第1章 绪论
1.1 引言
随着人均GDP和国内经济日渐发展,人民对日常生活的水平有了更高的要求,对传统材料的性能也有了更高的要求。陶瓷材料具有其他材料不能企及的有点,在当今众多行业的发展中发挥着不可或缺的作用。
从1870年开始,科学家开始在实验室制备多孔陶瓷,从而将性能优异的多孔陶瓷带到人们面前被人们广泛使用。多孔陶瓷是指陶瓷内部含有大量开通气孔或者闭合气孔的通过烧结制备的无机非金属材料[1]。与其他材料相比,多孔陶瓷具有耐高温耐腐蚀,轻质高强并且具有低热导率等优点。最开始被人们用做过滤材料,随着制备技术的提高,使其孔结构逐渐可控。因此在石油化工行业、机械冶金行业、食品制药行业、纺织建材行业等,应用广泛,在推动陶瓷的工业化应用中发挥了重要的作用。多孔陶瓷的原材料也由传统陶瓷黏土质原料,拓展到具有耐高温、耐抗腐蚀、抗热冲击等具有优异性能的原材料。随着工艺的不断进步,多孔陶瓷的种类也日渐增多,形貌、尺寸、比表面积、使用温度等性能都趋于优异[2]。目前,国内外已经开始工业生产多孔陶瓷,产生了一定的社会效益。
目前,传统多孔陶瓷己不能满足时代的需求,人们希望能够在更多大体积陶瓷无法应用的领域,使用多孔陶瓷。由此多孔陶瓷微球,引起了材料物理学家和材料化学家的极大兴趣,从1940年,借鉴于粉煤灰珠的制备工艺中,无机空心微球的制备得到关注和研究[3]。无机陶瓷微球是一种相比传统陶瓷具有更好性能的无机非金属结构材料,与传统的实心陶瓷球相比,具有低密度、低热导率、低成本、低介电常数、高比表面积、特殊的力学性质、光学性质、较好的耐腐蚀性能等优点。因为空心结构的独特特性,具有质轻、保温隔热并且耐腐蚀,空心微球材料在建材领域有很大的潜在应用价值。具有一定尺寸和强度的空心陶瓷微球,可以作为支撑材料在其它领域应用。
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