摘 要

在光伏器件中，ITO作为透明电极占有不可或缺的地位。但目前资源的缺乏、制备工艺的复杂性及ITO的机械脆性使其应用受到限制。近年来一维纳米材料如银纳米线（AgNWs）广受关注。本文针对该问题成功合成出具有一定长径比的银纳米线，并制成透明导电薄膜应用于光伏器件中。

本文通过醇热法合成出长径比在500-800间的银纳米线，并研究了不同旋涂和喷涂工艺参数对制备透明电极的影响，制备出透过率大于85%而方阻小于20Ω/sq的银纳米线透明电极。随着旋涂或喷涂遍数的增加，透过率和方阻逐渐降低。另外，将银纳米线透明导电薄膜分别作为底电极和顶电极应用于钙钛矿型太阳能电池中，得到了光电转换效率分别达2.2%和4.1%的器件。但由于粗糙度和其他因素的影响，器件的性能受到了限制。

研究结果表明，醇热法能合成长径比适当的银纳米线，同时基于银纳米线的透明电极具有与ITO电极类似的优秀性能。另外银纳米线透明电极也能应用于光伏器件中，但其性能有待进一步改善。

关键词：银纳米线；透明电极；钙钛矿；旋涂；喷涂

Abstract

ITO plays an essential role in the transparent electrode of photovoltaic devices. However, its application is limited because of the lack of resources, the complexity of the fabrication and the brittleness of ITO. In recent years, one-dimensional nano materials such as silver nanowires (AgNWs) have attracted much attention. To handle this problem, a certain aspect ratio of AgNW was synthesized successfully and was fabricated into the transparent electrode and was applied to the photovoltaic devices.

In this paper, silver nanowires with an aspect ratio of 500-800 were synthesized by ethanol-thermal method with one-pot reaction. Transparent electrodes were fabricated using spin coating and spray coating, with sheet resistance below 20Ω/sq, and the transmittance over 85%. With the increase in spin coating or spray coating times, the transmittance and the sheet resistance were gradually reduced. In addition, AgNWs-based transparent electrodes were applied to fabricate the top/bottom electrode of perovskite solar cells. And the PCE reached 2.2%/4.1%. However, the performance of the devices were limited due to the roughness of AgNWs-based transparent electrodes and other factors.

The results indicate that the AgNWs with proper aspect ratio can be synthesized by the ethanol-thermal method. Meanwhile, the AgNWs-based transparent electrodes have excellent properties similar to that of the ITO electrode. In addition, this transparent electrode can also be used in photovoltaic devices, but the performances need to be further improved.

Key Words：AgNWs; Transparent electrode; Perovskite; Spin coating; Spray coating

目 录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1透明电极及其制备工艺 1

1.1.1透明电极的基本性能 1

1.1.2 透明电极的种类 1

1.1.3 银纳米线透明电极的制备工艺 2

1.1.4 银纳米线透明电极的后处理 3

1.2太阳能电池的基本原理及发展现状 4

1.3本课题的选题意义及主要研究内容 5

第2章 银纳米线的合成与提纯 6

2.1 实验原理 6

2.1.1 硝酸银的还原 6

2.1.2 银纳米线的增长 6

2.2 合成方法 6

2.2.1 实验试剂及仪器 6

2.2.2 实验步骤 7

2.3 结果分析及讨论 8

第3章 银纳米线透明电极的制备及性能测试 10

3.1 实验原理 10

3.2 实验方法 10

3.2.1 旋涂法制膜步骤 11

3.2.2 喷涂法制膜步骤 11

3.2.3 性能测定 12

3.3 结果分析及讨论 12

3.3.1 涂膜工艺对电极形貌的影响 12

3.3.2 涂膜工艺对电极基本性能的影响 16

第4章 银纳米线透明电极在光伏器件中的应用 18

4.1 实验原理 18

4.2 实验方法 18

4.2.1 试剂配制与原料准备 19

4.2.2 器件制备 19

4.2.3 器件性能测试 19

4.3 结果分析及讨论 19

第5章 总结与展望 22

参考文献 23

致谢 25

第1章 绪论

1.1 透明电极及其制备工艺

1.1.1 透明电极的基本性能

在科技的进步与社会不断发展的当下，透明电极在显示设备与光伏器件中的应用十分广泛。

透明电极具有良好的透明度以及优秀的导电性，故透过率和方阻成为了评判透明电极性能的重要指标。透过率（或透光率）是指透过透明或半透明体的光通量与其入射光的百分比，透过率越高则光通量越大。方块电阻(Sheet Resistance)就是指导电材料单位厚度单位面积上的电阻值，简称方阻(R_□或R_sq)，单位为欧姆/平方米/密耳,通常以Ω/sq表示^[1]，方阻越大，则材料单位面积电阻越大，导电性能越差。性能测试方面，透过率可采用紫外-可见吸收光谱仪进行测定，方阻可采用四探针测试仪进行测试。

1.1.2 透明电极的种类