摘 要

篮球运动诞生后经过不断的发展，已经风靡全球。篮球比赛中以规定时间内得分的多少来判定胜负，这就产生了计时和计分的需求。起初，没有专门的计时计分器，需要安排专门的人员负责记录，这种方式的缺点随着赛事的发展越来越明显：首先，人工记录难以避免偶尔的错误或人为的偏向，无法保证时间和得分记录的准确性，会产生比赛公平性的问题。此外，当赛程安排比较紧凑时,人工操作的工作效率将显得不足。因此，一个能够准确、高效的完成球赛中计时计分任务的系统具有很高的研究价值。本文针对这一问题的主要研究工作如下：

（1）为了提高计时的精确性，基于FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)芯片,使用硬件描述语言VHDL来控制芯片内部的逻辑单元，设计了球赛的计时计分系统。与传统PCB板焊接电路相比，大大简化了电路结构，减小了计时误差。此外由于FPGA可重复编程，易于维护，其成本也相对更低。

（2）通过多个计数器的级联实现计时和计分的多位同时显示，可以明显降低程序的繁冗程度，也使整个系统的逻辑更加清晰，便于上机调试和后期的维护或拓展。同时在每个计数器上设有异步清零、使能信号等端口，使得系统能够实现场间暂停、清零显示内容、预置比赛时间，功能更加完善。

（3）采用液晶屏来分行记录时间和得分，显示更加直观，能减缓人眼观看时的眼疲劳，在高光环境中也能达到清晰的显示效果。同时它功耗微小，寿命极长。这些特点使它更加适用于球赛计时计分系统。

经过系统仿真与上机测试，论文提出的基于FPGA芯片5CSEMA5F31C6的球赛计时计分系统实现了设计要求的功能，有效解决了篮球赛事中计时计分工作存在的问题，节约了人力成本。

关键词: FPGA；计时计分；液晶显示

Abstract

Ever since the birth of basketball, basketball has been popular all over the world. In the basketball game, the number of points scored in a given time period determines the outcome, which results in the need for timing and scoring. At first, there was no special timing scorer. There was a need for special personnel to be responsible for recording. The disadvantages of this approach became more and more obvious as the events progressed. First, manual recording is difficult to avoid occasional mistakes or artificial bias, and there is no guarantee of time. And the accuracy of scoring records will create issues of fair play. In addition, when the schedule is relatively compact, the manual operation efficiency will be insufficient. Therefore, a system that can accurately and efficiently complete the task of timing scoring in a ball game has a high research value. The main research work for this issue in this paper is as follows:

(1) In order to improve the accuracy of timing, based on the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chip, the hardware description language VHDL is used to control the logic unit inside the chip, and the timing scoring system of the game is designed. Compared with the traditional PCB board soldering circuit, the circuit structure is greatly simplified and the timing error is reduced. In addition, since FPGAs are reprogrammable and easy to maintain, their costs are relatively low.

(2) The multi-bit simultaneous display of timing and scoring through the cascade of multiple counters can reduce the tediousness of the program, and also make the logic of the entire system clearer, which is convenient for on-machine debugging and maintenance or development in the later period. At the same time, each counter is provided with ports for asynchronous clearing and enabling signals, so that the system can pause between fields, clear the display content, and pre-set the match time. The function is more perfect.

(3) Using LCD screens to record time and scores in branches, the display is more intuitive, it can reduce eye fatigue when people watch, and can achieve clear display effect in high light environments. At the same time, it has low power consumption and long life. These features make it more suitable for ball game timing scoring systems.

After system simulation and on-machine testing, the ball game timing scoring system based on FPGA chip 5CSEMA5F31C6 proposed by the thesis fulfills the function of design requirements, effectively solves the problems in the timing scoring work in basketball games, and saves labor costs.

key words:FPGA; Timing scoring; Liquid crystal display

目录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1课题背景 1

1.2目的及意义 1

1.3研究内容及目标 2

第2章 球赛计时计分系统硬件介绍 3

2.1 现场可编程门阵列 3

2.1.1背景 3

2.1.2工作原理 3

2.1.3 DE1-SOC 4

2.1.4 基本特点 4

2.2 显示模块LCD1602 4

2.2.1管脚功能 5

2.2.3操作指令 6

2.2.4工作特点 7

第3章 球赛计时计分系统软件环境 9

3.1 QuartusⅡ简介 9

3.2 QuartusⅡ的功能 9

3.3 QuartusⅡ的优势 10

第4章 系统设计 12

4.1系统的设计要求 12

4.2系统的设计实现 12

4.3分频器 13

4.3.1程序设计 13

4.3.2时序仿真 15

4.4十进制计数器 15

4.4.1程序设计 15

4.4.2时序仿真 17

4.5六进制计数器 18

4.5.1程序设计 18

4.4.2时序仿真 19

4.6计时模块 20

4.7计分模块 21

4.8显示模块 22

第5章 结论 25

参考文献 26

附录A 分频器源程序 27

附录B 十进制计数器源程序 28

附录C 六进制计数器源程序 30

致谢 32

第1章 绪论

1.1课题背景

篮球是非常具有观赏性的一项竞技运动，1891年，由美国麻省春田大学的一位体育教师发明，随后很快在世界范围内受到欢迎。如今，篮球赛事经过长时间的发展已经较为成熟。根据规则，在比赛中，规定时间内得分较高的队伍，将获得比赛的胜利。这就带来了计时和计分需求。起初，并没有正规的计时计分器，需要安排专门的计时计分人员来负责记录，但这种方法在篮球受到越来越多关注、赛事逐渐频繁的情况下已经不太适用。因为只要是人工操作，就不可避免的会出现偶尔的疏漏甚至是有意的个人偏向，这将严重影响比赛的公平性，打击球迷们的热情。此外，当场上进攻得分的节奏较快时，人工停表、计分的效率就会显得不足。在这种情况下，寻找更准确、效率更高的计时计分方式成了当务之急。

1.2目的及意义

随着电子行业的发展，电子计时计分器开始进入人们的视野，它由多种电子元件组成，其中包括计时器、计分器和显示器等。这种系统能够在比赛中显示剩余时间、记录队伍得分，且其对准确性、实时性和稳定性都有较高的要求。同时，由于目前的高水平篮球赛事观看人数较多，要求完善的计时计分系统能够与现场大屏幕以及各种转播设备相连接，以提高现场或屏幕前观众的观赛体验。

目前使用较多的计时计分器主要是基于单片机系统制作而成的。这些计时计分系统也能实现一定程度上的功能，但依然存在一些难以克服的缺点。如运行速度较慢、管脚功能不甚完善等。此外，单片机的保护能力较差，操作过程中稍有不慎，就有可能烧坏芯片^[1]，这些问题阻碍了计时计分系统性能的进一步提升。