基于FPGA的多源高速振动传感系统的设计及实现毕业论文
2021-10-26 22:00:50
摘 要
随着我国工程技术的迅猛发展和对人身安全保障要求的不断提高,为避免事故的发生,需要实时监控重要基础设施结构的健康状态, 迅速发现建筑安全隐患,及时报告并采取相应措施。,因此对于大型建筑结构的健康监测和机械故障的智能感知具有重要的检测意义。相比于传统检测技术,分布式声波传感技术具有连续的分布式监测功能、动态响应速度快、测量灵敏度高等优点,当结构中出现异常振动信号时,能对此隐患做出应急响应,在大型建筑设施的安全监控和故障感知领域有着重要的研究意义和价值。
本文提出了基于Φ – OTDR的分布式传感系统,引入弱反射光栅(UWFBG)阵列作为系统的传感光纤,使用FPGA作为系统的信号处理硬件加速。
(1)本文先从Φ – OTDR的分布式声波传感系统的原理分析入手,通过分析Φ – OTDR技术的原理以此得出该技术的优越性,然后对基于该技术进行系统搭建所必须的各种重要参数指标进行研究。
(2)提出引入UWFBG阵列的重要意义以及对系统性能的提升,然后为证明系统的可行性进行分布式声波检测机理的研究。为了保证UWFBG和系统的契合,需要研究弱光栅阵列的选型并以此进行光路的设计,然后完成系统的硬件电路设计,最后完成分布式声波建设系统的搭建。
(3)对于系统的重要的算法进行研究以及系统的性能测试分析,对于系统的相位解调算法进行详细的研究和数学建模,完成算法的仿真后,进行FPGA的算法程序的实现以及系统的整体控制。然后对系统的实际性能进行测试和分析。
本文分别从光学系统角度、信号处理算法以及硬件电路三个角度,完成基于Φ - OTDR声波传感系统的同时还对系统进行改进,使系统更加适用于实际工程应用。改进的相关设备已经初步应用与高铁轨道实时监测、周边安防等工程项目,而且获得了不错的初步测试反馈。这对于基于FPGA的分布式声波传感系统在大型建筑设施安全监控场景的应用推广起到了重要的作用。
关键字:分布式声波传感系统,现场可编程逻辑门阵列, 相位敏感型光时域反射技术, 弱反射光栅, 相位解缠绕方法。
Abstract
With the rapid development of China's engineering technology and the continuous improvement of personal safety requirements, the health monitoring of large building structures and the intelligent perception of mechanical faults have increasingly strong demands.
Due to environmental or human factors and structural defects of the building itself, it may cause damage to the structure of facilities, Causing serious safety accidents.
Therefore, it is necessary to master the health status of major infrastructure structures in real time, find out the safety risks in the structures in time, give early warning and take corresponding measures to avoid the loss of life and property caused by accidents.
The distributed acoustic sensor system based on fiber optic phase modulation has the advantages of continuous distributed monitoring function, fast dynamic response speed and high measurement sensitivity, which has important potential value in the field of security monitoring of large building facilities.
Is proposed in this paper, based on Φ - OTDR acoustic sensor system, the introduction of Weak reflection Grating (UWFBG) array as the sensing optical Fiber system, using FPGA as a system of signal processing hardware acceleration.
(1) this article first from Φ - the principle of OTDR distributed acoustic sensor system analysis, through the analysis of Φ - the principle of OTDR technology to get the advantages of the technology, and then to system based on the technology necessary to set up various important parameters were studied.
(2) the significance of the introduction of UWFBG array and the improvement of system performance were proposed, and then the distributed acoustic detection mechanism was studied to prove the realization of the distributed acoustic system.
In order to ensure the fit between UWFBG and the system, it is necessary to study the selection requirements of the whole array of weak grating and design the optical path accordingly, then complete the hardware circuit design of the system, and finally complete the construction of the distributed sound wave construction system.
(3) studied the important algorithm of the system and analyzed the performance test of the system; conducted detailed research and mathematical modeling on the phase demodulation algorithm of the system; realized the algorithm program of FPGA and the overall control of the system after the algorithm simulation was completed.
Then the actual system performance is verified and analysed.
This paper respectively from the Angle of the optical system, signal processing algorithms and hardware circuit three angles, complete Φ - based OTDR acoustic sensor system at the same time also to improve the system, the system of the equipment performance is significantly improved, more suitable for engineering application.
The improved equipment has been preliminarily applied to the real time monitoring of high-speed rail track, peripheral security and other engineering projects, and has obtained good initial test feedback.
This has played an important role in the application and promotion of distributed acoustic sensor system based on FPGA in security monitoring scene of large-scale building facilities.
Keywords: Distributed Acoustic Sensing System, Field programmable logic gate array, Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflection technology, Weak reflection grating, Phase unwinding method.
目录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 研究目的与意义 1
1.2 相关领域国内外研究现状分析 2
1.3 本文主要研究内容及组织结构 4
第2章 基于弱反射FBG阵列的Φ - OTDR分布式声波传感原理 6
2.1 OTDR技术原理 6
2.1.1 瑞利散射原理 6
2.1.2 OTDR技术 8
2.2 基于Φ – OTDR的传感原理及性能指标分析 9
2.2.1 Φ – OTDR的传感原理 9
2.2.2 基于Φ – OTDR的分布式声波传感原理 10
2.2.3 基于若光栅阵列光纤的DAS系统性能提升方法研究 11
2.2.4 基于Φ – OTDR的DAS系统性能指标的研究 12
2.3 本章小结 14
第3章 基于弱FBG阵列的分布式声波传感系统的搭建与关键技术研究 15
3.1 分布式声波检测机理研究 16
3.2.1 分布式声波振动监测功能理论依据 16
3.2.2 弱光纤光栅性能要求 16
3.2.3 弱光纤光栅设计分析 17
3.2 分布式声波检测系统设计与搭建 20
3.2.1 传感系统搭建 21
3.2.2 光路关键器件选型 21
3.2.3 系统重要电路设计 24
3.2.4 系统程序设计 26
3.3 本章小结 32
第4章 分布式声波传感系统的算法研究与测试分析 33
4.1 相位解缠绕算法研究 33
4.1.1 微分交叉相乘算法及反正切解调算法性能分析 34
4.1.2 算法仿真结果分析 37
4.2 测试分析 38
4.2.1 单点声波信号检测实验 38
4.2.2 多点声波信号检测实验 40
4.3 本章小结 41
第5章 总结与展望 42
5.1 总结 42
5.2 展望 43
参考文献 44
附录A 46
致谢 48
绪论
研究目的与意义
随着我国工程技术的迅猛发展和对人身安全保障要求的不断提高,大型建筑结构的健康监测和机械故障的智能感知需求愈发强烈。
从2017年起,全国基础设施投资总额为17万亿元,其中公路、高铁、管道等重要基础设施的安全性、耐久度都与我们的生活息息相关。因为大型建筑都暴露在长时间的强光照日晒以及雨水冲刷等自然天气的影响,因此建筑会存在不同程度的老化和结构损坏。而这些都是安全事故的诱发因素。所以掌控建筑的结构健康性是目前必要的技术。但是建筑物或交通轨道通常都是占地面积和高度较大,不适用于传统的检测手段,因此需要一种具有检测空间面积大、且可连续分布式检测的技术。
然而,在油气管道泄漏检测[1][2]、列车轨道状态感知[3][4]、高压传输电缆故障定位等长距离大范围实时监测应用场景中,工况环境复杂且供电十分困难,传统的点式电类传感器在性能和施工难度上都存在着诸多缺陷。这使得分布式声波传感有了很好的研究价值和应用前景。