三峡库区生态风险综合分析与评价毕业论文
2021-09-19 19:37:22
摘 要
生态风险评价是近几十年来,伴随着环境管理目标和观念的逐渐转变而兴起并得到发展的一个研究领域。区域生态风险评价是生态风险评价的一个分支,它是在区域尺度上,就环境污染、人为活动或自然灾害等因素对生态系统结构和功能产生不利作用的可能性和危害程度进行描述和评价的过程。
三峡工程是我国目前建设最大型的工程项目,建成以来在防洪、发电、航运等方面都发挥着巨大的综合效益。自工程开工建设,三峡库区的土地和生态系统都发生了巨大而显著的变化,加之蓄水后当地经济活动的到来,库区生态环境面临的压力日益严峻。因此,客观科学地评价库区内的生态风险问题,为区域生态风险管理提供决策依据和理论支持尤为重要。本文针对隶属三峡库区重庆段的奉节县的综合地质灾害,基于Landsat影像和风险历史统计数据,结合遥感与GIS技术,通过区域生态风险评价的步骤方法,以综合生态价值损失度与风险发生概率为指标,通过定量分析计算公式,分区整合得到综合生态风险值,并以此作为评价基础,对研究区域的整体生态风险情况进行探究。
根据监督分类结果,以区域4类土地利用类型为风险受体,通过生态价值损失、脆弱度指数指标的构建、量算,分别得到4类土地的综合生态价值损失度;以研究区域典型的综合地质灾害(包含滑坡、泥石流、崩塌、地面塌陷几种灾害类型)为风险源,分别计算不同级别风险区的风险发生概率;在对上述分析计算结果进行归一化处理的基础上,对全区进行综合生态风险值的汇总计算,并对结果值分级,最终将区域风险结果分为一级风险区、二级风险区、三级风险区、四级风险区。
结果表明:奉节县整体的生态风险处在在中低水平。其中,一级风险区多集中在水域密集、地质灾害频繁区域;二级风险区的分布规律则是主要伴随一级风险区排布,形状以条块状居多;三级风险区主要集中在奉节中部,大致分散为四个部分;四级风险区的面积范围比较大,占到全区面积近一半,有所辖区位于此风险区的乡镇数也最多。
关键词:奉节;景观生态学;综合生态风险;区域生态风险评价
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment is a new research field which is rise and developing with the environmental management goals and ideas gradually changing in recent decades. Regional ecological risk assessment is one branch of ecological risk assessment, and it is the description and evaluation process at regional scale of the possibility of an adverse effect and harm degree on ecosystem structure and function caused by some factors, such as environmental pollution, human activities or natural disasters.
The Three Gorges project is the most large engineering project construction in China at present, and it contributes an enormous comprehensive benefitsin flood control, power generation, shipping and other aspects. Since the project started construction, the land and ecosystems of the Three Gorges Reservoir area have undergone tremendous and significant changes, combined with local economic activity after impounded, the pressure reservoir area ecological environment facing increasingly severe. Therefore,providing the decision-making basis and theoretical support for regional ecological risk management through the objective scientific evaluation of ecological risks in the reservoir area is particularly important. In this paper,The author put Fengjie County,a part of Three Gorges Reservoir region in Chongqing,as the research object, and is based on a special index which named the integrated ecological risk value of some different risk area to study and evaluate the regional ecological risk assessment in this research object.And the calculated value of the index is based on Landsat picture and historical risk statistics,using Remote Sensing amp; GIS technology,through the steps of the method of the regional ecological risk assessment,and using the the loss of integrated ecological value and risk probability as indexes,combining quantitative analysis formulas to get.
According to the results of supervised classification, the author put the four types of land use as the risk suffers, through ecological value loss calculation, vulnerability index of construction, respectively acquire the comprehensive loss of ecological value of the four categories of land;making the typical comprehensive geological disaster of research area (several types of disasters including landslides, mudslides, avalanches, ground subsidence) as the source of risk,and calculate the probability of different levels of risk-risk areas occurred respectively; based on the normalized results of the above analysis,make aggregate calculations on regional comprehensive ecological risk value, and the regional ecological risk results are divided into four types,which is named as the first risk area, the second risk area, the third risk area,the fourth risk area.
The results show that: the overall ecological risk in Fengjie County is at a low level. Among them,the first risk area are mostly concentrated in the region where having the waters intensive and frequent geological disasters;the distribution of the second risk area is that mainly associated with the first risk area, and the its shapes exist mainly as strip-type and massive;the third risk areas are mainly concentrated in the middle of Fengjie, and is roughly dispersed into four sections;area of the fourth risk areas is relatively largest, accounting for nearly half of the whole area,and the number of towns which has been located in this area of risk areas is also the most.
Key Words:Fengjie county;landscape ecology;integrated ecological risk value;regional ecological risk assessment
目 录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1研究背景与意义 1
1.1.1研究背景 1
1.1.2研究意义 1
1.2国内外研究现状 2
1.2.1生态风险评价(EPA) 2
1.2.2国外研究现状 2
1.2.3国内研究现状 3
第2章 研究方法与技术路线 5
2.1主要研究方法 5
2.2研究方案 5
2.3技术路线 6
第3章 研究区概况 8
3.1自然地理背景 9
3.1.1地质地貌 9
3.1.2气候条件 10
3.2区域经济背景 10
3.3区域景观类型 11
3.3.1影像预处理 12
3.3.2监督分类 14
3.3.3景观类型统计 17
第4章 风险受体分析 18
4.1受体的选取 18
4.2区域土地利用分析 18
4.3受体的描述 19
4.4生态终点 19
第5章 风险源分析 20
5.1风险源识别 20
5.2风险源描述 21
第6章 暴露与危害分析 23
6.1暴露在综合地质灾害风险中的受体 23
6.2各受体土地利用类型的生态损失度量 24
6.2.1生态服务价值指数(Vi) 24
6.2.2脆弱度指数(Fi) 25
6.2.3生态价值损失度(Gi) 28
6.3地质灾害对受体的危害作用 28
6.4综合地质灾害的概率确定 29
第7章 区域生态风险综合评价 32
7.1生态风险小区的划分 32
7.2生态风险值的量算 32
7.3生态风险评价结果分析 34
第8章 区域生态风险管理 36
8.1生态风险评价与管理的关系 36
8.2区域生态风险管理建议 36
第9章 结论与展望 38
9.1研究主要结论 38
9.2研究中存在的不足与展望 39
参考文献 40
致谢 42
第1章 绪论
1.1研究背景与意义
1.1.1研究背景
生态风险是灾害(包括人为和自然两方面)和环境污染事件对生态系统及系统结构成分所造成的不好的影响,一般具有不确定性、危害性、动态性等多重特点。生态风险评价(ERA)就是评估发生对生态环境不利影响可能性的过程(USERA),是继早期Health Risk Appraisal( HRA,人类健康风险评价)之后新兴的研究热点。简单地说就是指在生态系统承受一到多个影响因素胁迫下,对可能出现的有害的生态后果及其危害程度予以估算[1]。ERA是目前公认的最重要的工具之一,这一评估在生态系统的管理与维护等方面具有很高的应用价值。尽管关于从风险评估的结果中获得估计的有效性的辩论仍在进行,大多数风险评估专家一致认为在管理复杂的生态问题时,收集、组织和对参与生态风险评价的科学信息汇总能改进提高决策科学性。在过去的20年间,ERA已经得到很好的研究[2]。
长江三峡是举世闻名的风景区,库区地貌独特多变,风物秀丽旖旎,天然风光与人文名胜驰誉古今。此外,三峡库区作为独一无二的世界最大水库,拥有着奇特的天然景观,该地区具有复杂的地质情况,从生态环境方面,是生态敏感度高、环境生态脆弱、水土流失较为严重的区域[3]。自工程建成以来,库区的土地利用和生态系统都产生了巨大而显著的变化。库区地貌以丘陵、山地为主,后备的宜农土地资源有限,土地垦殖系数高,农业生态环境面临很大的压力。当前区域所面临的主要生态与环境问题有:(1)水土流失情况严重,森林覆被指数低;(2)灾害发生频繁且危害大,系统的抗逆力弱;(3)部分物种在库区濒临灭绝;(4)环境污染严重;(5)经济落后,人们生活贫困[4]。随着库区储水后的经济活动的到来,地区生态系统的脆弱性水平变得更高,加之对当地土地资源的盲目开发利用,库区内土地资源的水土流失、自然灾害、水环境恶化和水体污染等问题对地区高效可持续发展的制约越来越严重。面对当地生态环境的严峻形势,对库区生态风险进行定量化分析与风险管理研究,为当地可持续发展提供决策依据十分迫切。
1.1.2研究意义
区域生态评价的研究尺度是区域,从研究内容分析其属于生态风险评价的一个分支,是对环境污染、人类活动或自然灾害等破坏因子在系统结构功能上产生消极影响的概率和损害程度进行描述和评价。相比于单一地点的生态风险评价,两者的差异之处在于:区域内的风险来源和被危害的受体具有空间异质性,也就是说存在区域分异的情况,这也是该评价更加具有复杂性的原因[5]。在此评价基础上能够对研究对象的生态风险概况获得较为客观的认识,并有针对性的提出风险管理对策,对区域可持续发展有着重要意义。