摘 要

本文首先界定了养老、老龄化、养老设施、生活圈等主要概念，并分析了国内外养老模式改革的的研究成果和经验，主要从设施布局、设施位置和空间等几个方面进行了深入研究。接着以南昌市老年设施为研究对象，对该市养老机构和居家养老机构的现状进行了数据收集、分析和评价。在此基础上，对南昌市养老模式的改革和养老设施的发展进行了预测。最后，在”十五分钟生活圈“等新标准的指导下运用相关原理与理论来探讨养老设施的布局规划，提出相关建议和措施。

关键词：老龄化；15分钟生活圈；养老设施布局；养老模式改革

Abstract

Firstly, this paper defines the main concepts of pension, aging, pension facilities, life circle and so on, and analyses the research results and experience of pension mode reform at home and abroad, mainly from the facility layout, facility location and space and other aspects of in-depth research. Then, taking the old-age facilities in Nanchang as the research object, the paper collects, analyses and evaluates the current situation of the old-age institutions and home-based old-age institutions in this city. On this basis, the reform of pension mode and the development of pension facilities in Nanchang are predicted. Finally, under the guidance of the new standard of "fifteen-minute life circle" and other related principles and theories, this paper explores the layout planning of old-age facilities, and puts forward relevant suggestions and measures.

Key Words：Aging；15-minute life circle；Layout of pension facilities；Reform of pension model

目 录

第1章 绪论...................................................................................................................1

1.1研究背景.........................................................................................................1

1.1.1我国社会人口老龄化现状.................................................................1

1.1.2相关政策.............................................................................................2

1.2研究目的和意义.............................................................................................3

1.2.1研究目的.............................................................................................3

1.2.2研究意义.............................................................................................3

1.3相关概念界定.................................................................................................4

1.3.1主流养老方式.....................................................................................4

1.3.2生活圈.................................................................................................4

1.4研究内容和方法.............................................................................................5

1.4.1研究内容.............................................................................................5

1.4.2研究方法.............................................................................................5

1.5技术路线.........................................................................................................6

1.6国内外养老模式现状.....................................................................................7

1.6.1国外养老模式现状.............................................................................7

1.6.2国内养老模式现状...........................................................................10

第2章 南昌市老龄化现状及老年人需求................................................................11

2.1样本、方法和问卷.......................................................................................11

2.1.1样本....................................................................................................11

2.1.2调查方法............................................................................................11

2.1.2调查问卷的设计...............................................................................11

2.2数据统计.......................................................................................................12

2.3特征分析.......................................................................................................17

2.3.1居家养老...........................................................................................17

2.3.2机构养老...........................................................................................18

2.3.3社区养老...........................................................................................18

2.3.4养老意愿...........................................................................................18

2.4面临的问题...................................................................................................19

第3章 养老模式改革................................................................................................20

3.1改革方向.......................................................................................................20

3.1.1引导老年人转化观念.......................................................................20

3.1.2倡导志愿者积极投入养老服务行业中...........................................20

3.1.3精确找到政府定位, 转变政府在养老产业中的职能...................20

3.1.4完善社会保障制度...........................................................................20

3.1.5加强养老服务的评价和监督...........................................................21

3.1.6提高服务人员的素质.......................................................................21

3.1.7新设计标准下的养老服务模式改革...............................................21

第4章 南昌市养老设施现状及存在问题................................................................22

4.1养老设施分类...............................................................................................22

4.1.1养老院...............................................................................................22

4.1.1敬老院...............................................................................................22

4.1.1老年公寓...........................................................................................22

4.1.1社会福利院.......................................................................................22

4.2养老设施布局现状.......................................................................................22

4.3养老设施面临的问题...................................................................................23

4.3.1养老机构服务供给能力不足...........................................................23

4.3.2养老机构功能结构单一...................................................................23

4.3.3管理体制不完善, 养老服务资源缺少整合...................................24

4.3.1养老机构服务人员素质低, 缺乏专业的工作人员.......................24

第5章 养老设施布局优化策略................................................................................25

5.1完善社区养老设施体系...............................................................................25

5.2优化社区养老设施空间布局.......................................................................25

5.3把网络引入养老中.......................................................................................26

5.4养老设施布局实例.......................................................................................26

5.4.1区位信息...........................................................................................26

5.4.2配套设施...........................................................................................26

5.4.3老龄化现状及养老设施现状...........................................................26

5.4.4社区服务养老体系的建立...............................................................27

第6章 结论与展望....................................................................................................29

6.1结论...............................................................................................................29

6.2展望...............................................................................................................29

参考文献......................................................................................................................30

附录A 关于南昌市养老现状的问卷调查.................................................................32

致 谢........................................................................................................................33

第1章 绪论

1.1 研究背景

1.1.1 人口老龄化现状

如今，随着经济和社会的高速发展，老龄化程度呈现一个不可阻挡的上升趋势。当老年人口数量达到或超过总人口数量一定的比例的时候即为老龄化社会。根据联合国之前的标准，老龄化社会是指60岁及以上老年人口数量达到总人口数量的10%。而最新的标准是指65岁及以上老年人口数量到达总人口数量的7%，便意味着已经进入了老龄化社会^[1]。到了2017年底，中国人口已经达到了1.398亿人，相比于2016年底统计数据，足足增加了737万人。从年龄的组成上来看，60岁及以上老年人口数量达到了2.409亿人，占总人口数量的17.3%，其中65岁以上老年人口数量有1.583亿人，占总人口数量的11.4%。这些数据都意味着中国人口的老龄化程度正在加速，尤其是60岁及以上老年人口数量和65岁及以上老年人口数量都比去年增长将近0.6个百分点。而根据预测，老年人口数量在2020年将会到达2.48亿人，总体的老龄化程度将接近17.17%，其中有超过3067万人为80岁及以上的老人；到2025年，60岁及以上老年人口将会突破3亿大关，成为超级老龄化社会。考虑到20世纪70年代末国家对计划生育的重视，大约到了2040年，中国老年人口数量将达到峰值，届时老年人口数量将缓慢增长。