人体器官移植的刑法规制毕业论文
2021-02-27 14:16:34
摘 要
人体器官移植技术的发展在给许多器官衰竭和器官受损的患者带来希望的同时,一些社会问题也随之产生。我国器官移植供需关系严重不平衡,供需关系的失衡导致了器官买卖活动的暴利。很多犯罪分子为了获取高额利润,不惜采取一系列的器官移植犯罪行为,严重危害了社会秩序。在这种情形下,刑法修正案八应运而生。刑法修正案八中首次规定了组织出卖人体器官罪,并将“未经本人同意摘取器官”、“摘取未满十八岁的人的器官”以及“强迫、欺骗他人捐献器官”的行为规定为故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪,将非法使用尸体器官的行为规定为盗窃、侮辱尸体罪。该些条款弥补了刑法在人体器官移植犯罪领域的空白,为规制日益猖獗的人体器官移植犯罪活动提供了相应的法律依据。但是,该条款在规定上仍然存在着诸多问题,例如:相关法律概念与刑事诉讼法规定不一致;现有罪名在规制范围上不能完全囊括现有的人体器官移植犯罪行为;对精神病人未进行特殊保护;犯罪的主体范围狭窄;医生在出于非经济利益的基础上实行的人体器官移植的定性,异体移植的相关刑法规制等并未明确。本文通过对于这些不足的发掘以及对于相关外国法律的研究,结合中国国情,提出切实可行的措施和建议。
基于上述内容,论文将从以下几个方面撰写:一、与人体器官移植的相关概念、医学上的分类、人体器官移植的现状及其问题;人体器官移植犯罪的概念、特征以及器官移植行为入罪的理论基础和现实要求;二、人体器官移植犯罪的比较法研究,分为三大类研究:英美法系、大陆法系以及香港、澳门的规定;三、中国大陆法律对于人体器官移植的规制,对于中国大陆目前已经颁布的法律进行介绍(主要是条例和刑法的规定),分析我国器官移植犯罪的不足(相关法律概念与刑事诉讼法不一致;新增的罪名在规制范围上与实践存在差距;精神病人缺乏相应保护;医生实施的不以营利为目的人体器官移植行为的定性,异体移植的相关刑法规制不明等)以及违法阻却事由(被害人承诺和紧急避险)对于器官移植犯罪的影响;四、有关器官移植的立法建议,包含刑事立法方面的建议(明确相关法律概念、单列精神病人条款等)和其他配套规范方面(完善相关系统和建立配套制度)的建议两个方面;五、结语。
关键词:人体器官移植;犯罪行为;刑法规制;规制建议;关联问题
Abstract
The development of human organ transplants has brought hope for many patients with organ failure and organ damage, as well as the corresponding negative effects. China's current situation is a serious imbalance in the relationship between supply and demand in organ transplantation. Many people do not get the necessary organs, which produced the corresponding seller market. Many criminals in order to obtain high profits, take a series of organ transplant crime, which seriously endanger the social order. In this case, the Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China came into being. Criminal Law Amendment VIII for the first time provides for the crime of organizing to sell human organs. And the act of "taking the organ without the consent of the person", "the organ of the person under the age of 18" and "forcing and deceiving others to donate the organ" is provided for intentional assault, intentional homicide, and will illegally use the corpse Organ behavior is defined as theft, insulting the body. These clauses make up for the vacancies in the field of organ transplants before criminal legislation, and provide a clear legal basis for combating the increasingly rampant human organ transplant crime. However, there are still many problems with the article on human organ transplant crime. Some legal concepts are inconsistent with other criminal law. The new charges still can not fully cope with China's increasingly rampant human organ crime. It lacks special protection for mental patients. It does not incorporate units into the body of human organ crime. How to determine the nature of the doctor’s behavior on the basis of non-economic benefits to implement organ transplant. How to regulate allogeneic transplantation , and so on. In this paper, through the excavation of these deficiencies and the study of relevant foreign laws, combined with China's national conditions, I will put forward practical measures and recommendations.
Based on the above, the paper will be written from the following aspects:First, the related concepts of human organ transplantation, medical classification, the status and problems of human organ transplantation, the concept and characteristics of human organ transplant crime, and the theoretical basis and practical requirements of organ transplant.Second, the Human Organ Transplant Crime Comparative Law research, divides into three kinds of research: Anglo-American Law, the civil law system as well as Hong Kong, Macao's stipulation;Third, the regulation of Chinese mainland law on human organ transplant, which is introduced in mainland China (mainly regulation and criminal law) to analyze the insufficiency of organ transplant crime in China (the related legal concept is inconsistent with the criminal Procedure Law; The new offense has a gap with practice in the scope of regulation; The mental patient lacks the corresponding protection; the quality of the human organ transplant behavior that the doctor implements not for profit, The related criminal laws and regulations of allogeneic transplantation are unknown, and the effects of the illegal obstruction (victim commitment and emergency risk aversion) on the organ transplant crime; Fourth, Legislative recommendations on organ transplantation, including recommendations on criminal legislation (clarifying relevant legal concepts, single mental patient terms, etc.) and other supporting normative aspects (perfecting related systems and establishing supporting systems) two aspects;Finally, the conclusion
Key words: human organ transplantation; criminal behavior; criminal law regulation; regulation suggest ion; association problem
目录
第1章 绪论1
1.1研究背景与意义1
1.1.1研究背景1
1.1.2研究意义1
1.2国内外研究综述2
1.3研究思路与方法4
第2章 人体器官移植犯罪概述5
2.1人体器官移植5
2.1.1人体器官移植相关概念及分类5
2.1.2人体器官移植的现状6
2.1.3人体器官移植存在的问题7
2.2人体器官移植犯罪8
2.2.1人体器官移植入罪的概念及特征8
2.2.2人体器官移植入罪的理论基础和现实要求9
第3章 人体器官移植犯罪的比较法研究13
3.1英美法系相关法律介绍13
3.2大陆法系相关法律介绍14
3.3中国香港、澳门关于器官移植相关规定15
第4章 人体器官移植的法律规制17
4.1中国大陆关于人体器官移植相关规定17
4.1.1《人体器官移植条例》17
4.1.2刑法修正案八关于器官移植的相关规定18
4.1.3中国地区之间关于人体器官移植的相关规定19
4.2我国器官移植犯罪规定的不足20
4.2.1相关法律概念的模糊以及矛盾21
4.2.2犯罪主体范围的狭窄22
4.2.3精神病人保护的缺乏22
4.2.4刑事责任的争议24
4.2.5异种移植的刑法规制的空白24
4.2.6违法性阻却事由与器官移植犯罪25
第5章 有关器官移植的立法建议28
5.1刑事立法方面的建议28
5.1.1明确相关法律概念28
5.1.2增加犯罪主体29
5.1.3单列针对精神病人的器官移植犯罪29
5.1.4厘清相关刑事责任30
5.1.5新设相关器官移植罪名30
5.2相关配套规范的建议31
5.2.1改善主管全国器官移植的组织31
5.2.2完善全国器官移植的网络登记32
结语34
参考文献35
致谢37
第一章 绪 论
1.1 研究背景与意义
1.1.1 研究背景
人体器官移植技术的高速发展不仅给很多器官衰竭和受损的病患带来了福音,创造了很多新的可能,也带来了很多负面的影响,引发了很多问题。在中国,每年需要器官移植的有30万人,但是接受器官移植的只有大概一万人。这种供需关系的不平衡为器官移植犯罪的滋生和发展提供了天然优越的条件,人体器官在黑市上被明码标价出售,很多人为了获取巨额的利润不惜犯罪。屡屡出现的组织出卖人体器官的行为、盗窃人体器官、尸体器官进行器官移植的行为、为了摘取活体器官而引发严重侵犯公民生命和健康权的犯罪行为,都对公民的身体健康和人身安全构成了极大威胁,对国家的医疗管理秩序造成了极大的破坏。而正是因为如此,国家通过了《人体器官移植条例》,并出台了刑法修正案八。刑法修正案八中规定了组织出卖人体器官罪,并将未经他人同意摘取其器官、摘取未成年人的器官,强迫、欺骗他人捐献身体器官的行为以故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪进行处罚,以盗窃、侮辱尸体罪处罚违背死者及其近亲属的意愿摘取尸体器官的行为。上述条款弥补了刑法规制器官移植犯罪活动的空白,它首次将组织出卖人体器官的行为单独定罪,为规制日益猖獗的人体器官移植犯罪活动提供了相应的法律依据。但是,该条款仍然存在着诸多问题,比如:相关法律概念与刑事诉讼法不一致;新增的罪名在规制范围上与实践存在差距;精神病人缺乏相应保护;医生实施的不以营利为目的人体器官移植行为的定性,异体移植的相关刑法规制不明等。由于中国器官移植的法律法规的发展历史较晚,相对于外国法律而言还有很多不足,而这种不足不仅仅在于器官移植制度规定本身的不足,还有一些与器官移植相关的制度规定的不足。比如说中国并没有明确将脑死亡作为死亡的判断标准,中国也并未将人体组织纳入器官移植法律规制的范围之内。这些不足的存在正是本课题研究的契机所在。
1.1.2 研究意义