惩罚性赔偿制度的中国模式研究毕业论文
2021-10-26 21:57:54
摘 要
惩罚性赔偿指的是赔偿受损后,依法另行增加的金钱负担。惩罚性赔偿理论在我国法学界颇具争议,亦被广泛的讨论和研究。惩罚性赔偿理论在我国自20世纪90年代就已经提出,但真正的发展是21世纪之后,随着市场经济的活跃和市场经济体制的日益成熟,国民对产品质量的要求与我国生产力的矛盾凸显,直到现在为止惩罚性赔偿研究仍然是热点。
本文主要分为四个部分。第一个部分是关于惩罚性赔偿中国模式的形成。从惩罚性赔偿的内涵出发,以概念下的理论为基础,分析惩罚性赔偿制度在我国具体的立法。第二部分为惩罚性赔偿制度在我国运行效果的评价。从新的角度看惩罚性赔偿制度给我国带来的积极作用,以具体的案例分析争议焦点从而总结惩罚性赔偿制度在我国的运行困境。第三部分是惩罚性赔偿制度的域外分析,以美国、德国的惩罚性赔偿为例,进行对比研究,从而得出有益经验。第四个部分是探索适用中国的惩罚性赔偿制度模式。针对现有的运行困境,本文提出了四点改进的建议,分别从适用范围、构成要件、举证责任、职业打假四个方面进行论述。
关键词:惩罚性赔偿;构成要件;欺诈;中国模式
Abstract
Punitive damages refer to the additional financial burdens according to law after damages are compensated. The theory of punitive damages is quite controversial in China's legal field, and it has also been widely discussed and studied. The theory of Punitive damages has been proposed in China since the 1990s, but the real development is after the 21st century. With the active market economy and the maturity of the market economy system, the contradiction between the national requirements for product quality and the productivity of our country is highlighted. Until now, research on punitive damages is still hot.
This article is mainly divided into four parts. The first part is about the formation of the Chinese model of Punitive damages. Starting from the connotation of Punitive damages, based on the theory under the concept, analyze the specific legislation of Punitive damages system in China. The second part is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Punitive damages system in China. From a new perspective, the positive effect of the Punitive damages system on China is analyzed, and the focus of the dispute is analyzed with specific cases to summarize the plight of the Punitive damages system in China. The third part is the extra-territorial analysis of the Punitive damages system. Taking the Punitive damages in the United States and Germany as examples, a comparative study is conducted to obtain useful experience. The fourth part is to explore the application of China's Punitive damages system model. In view of the existing operational difficulties, this article puts forward four suggestions for improvement, which are discussed in terms of scope of application, constituent elements, burden of proof, and professional anti-counterfeiting.
Key Words:Punitive damages; constituent elements; fraud; Chinese model
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第1章 惩罚性赔偿中国模式的形成 1
1.1 惩罚性赔偿的内涵 1
1.1.1惩罚性赔偿的概念 1
1.1.2惩罚性赔偿的特征 1
1.2惩罚性赔偿制度立法分析 2
1.2.1惩罚性赔偿制度立法背景 2
1.2.2惩罚性赔偿制度立法内容 3
第2章 惩罚性赔偿制度在我国的运行效果评价 5
2.1惩罚性赔偿制度在我国的运行实效 5
2.2惩罚性赔偿制度在我国的运行困境 5
2.2.1适用的局限性 5
2.2.1.1主体适用的范围小 6
2.2.1.2客体适用的局限性 6
2.2.2构成要件的争议性 6
2.2.2.1主观“欺诈”的界定 6
2.2.2.2客观“损失”的认定 7
2.2.3举证责任的不平衡性 7
2.2.4职业打假人的法律保护问题 8
第3章 惩罚性赔偿制度的域外借鉴 10
3.1以美国为例的英美法系国家 10
3.2以德国为例的其他大陆法系国家 10
第4章 探索适用中国的惩罚性赔偿制度模式 12
4.1扩大制度适用范围 12
4.2明确构成要件内容 12
4.3完善举证责任分配 13
4.4规范职业打假行为 13
参考文献 15
致 谢 16
第1章 惩罚性赔偿中国模式的形成
1.1 惩罚性赔偿的内涵
本章主要讨论的是惩罚性赔偿中国模式的形成,在本小节笔者主要从惩罚性赔偿的概念入手,分析惩罚性赔偿所体现的三个特征。只有明确了制度的内涵才能更好地分析一国之中进行该制度立法的必要性和合理性,为更好地理解中国模式的形成打下理论基础。
1.1.1惩罚性赔偿的概念
惩罚性赔偿,又称报复性赔偿,不同于传统民法上的损害赔偿,惩罚性赔偿指的是法律所规定的赔偿数额超出实际损害数额的赔偿。惩罚性赔偿制度最早见于英美法系,可追溯至十八世纪六十年代英国法官Lord Camden于Huckle v. Money案的判决中,称惩罚性赔偿为exemplary damages(示范性赔偿)。同时期,美国法官的判决亦首次在美确立了惩罚性赔偿制度,称惩罚性赔偿为punitive damages(报复性赔偿)[1]。两者用词的不同,反应了其对惩罚性赔偿概念界定上的细微差别:英国法称之为示范性赔偿,即这种赔偿模式不仅使侵权人受到超出实际损害范围的惩罚,而且该惩罚起到了一定的社会示范作用、警示作用;美国法称之为报复性赔偿,则仅在强调以超额赔偿产生的经济负担来制裁不法行为。从示范性赔偿的定义来看,正因为惩罚性赔偿的此种社会性功能有悖于民法中的填平规则而兼具公法色彩,对其概念的理解更需多元探究。
1.1.2惩罚性赔偿的特征
通过上述概念的论述及综合现行法律规定中的惩罚性赔偿条款,可以看出,惩罚性赔偿具有以下特征:
一、惩罚性赔偿具有法定性