论抽象危险犯毕业论文
2022-01-30 21:06:24
论文总字数:14702字
摘 要
风险社会理论对刑事立法最重要的影响便是刑法从处罚实害犯为主转向对危险犯的强调,然其构成要件并没有对法益侵害或者具体危险作出相应的规定,必然使传统刑法秩序承受较大冲击。基于何种理由对单纯的行为进行刑法规制争议颇大。抽象危险犯与具体危险犯、行为犯不同,其法益保护更为前置化,但这并不意味着抽象危险犯的设立就是天然正当的,只有在前置化没有侵害个体的正当权利的情况下,抽象危险犯的设立才是正当的。抽象危险犯存在之必要在于保护制度性利益所需,提前保护以预防潜在风险,纯粹的功能性刑法以及法兰克福学派的主张都过于片面。抽象危险犯作为风险刑法的典型形式并不违背谦抑原则,但有必要对抽象危险犯立法进行合理限制,同时其正当性也需要有具体步骤来检验。
关键词 :抽象危险犯 正当性 刑法谦抑性
Research on the Distinctive Problems of Abstract Dangerous Criminals
Abstract
The most important influence of the risk society theory on criminal legislation is that the criminal law shifts from punishment of actual offenses and crimes to the emphasis on dangerous offenders. Abstract dangerous offenders have therefore gradually become the darling of legislators, but their constituent elements do not infringe upon legal interests or pose specific risks. Making corresponding provisions will inevitably make the traditional criminal law order suffer a greater impact. Based on what kind of reason, there is a great deal of controversy over the criminal law system of pure behavior. Abstract dangerous criminals are different from specific dangerous criminals and behavioral offenders in that their legal interests are protected more forward and they are more actively involved in the control of behavioral patterns and social development. However, this does not mean that the establishment of abstract dangerous criminals is natural and justified. Only if pre-positioning does not infringe on the individual's legitimate rights, the establishment of abstract dangerous offenders is justified. The necessity of the existence of an abstract dangerous criminal lies in the need to protect institutional interests. The criminal law prescribes protection in advance to prevent potential risks. The purely functional criminal law and the Frankfurt School’s claims are too one-sided. Abstract dangerous criminals as a typical form of risk criminal law does not violate the principle of modesty, but it is necessary to reasonably limit the abstract dangerous criminal legislation, and its legitimacy also requires specific steps to test.
Key words:Abstract dangerous offenders; Justification; Modesty in criminal law
目 录
中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
- 问题的提出 1
- 抽象危险犯的概念及界定 3
(一)抽象危险犯的概念 3
(二)抽象危险犯与具体危险犯 3
(三)抽象危险犯与行为犯 4
三、对抽象危险犯正当性的争论 6
(一)对抽象危险犯的批判 6
(二)支持派的正当性论证 7
(三)观点评析 7
四、抽象危险犯与刑法谦抑 9
(一)抽象危险犯的谦抑性机制 9
(二)对抽象危险犯正当性的检验及限制 10
结语 13
参考文献 15
致谢 16
一、问题的提出
德国社会学家乌尔希里·贝克于二十世纪末系统提出了“风险社会”概念及相关理论。现代风险与传统风险相比更加难以预测,而这种巨大的风险来源于人类中心主义、科技主义及工具理性的滥用,具有极大的破坏性,极需一定的平衡和矫治。该概念设置的主要目的在于从风险整体转型视角揭示现代危机,并促使人们反思及自我限制,重新制定社会安全标准。风险社会的概念也引起了立法者及各国法学界的强烈关注,与之相伴产生的便是“风险刑法”。风险社会理论对刑事立法最重要的影响便是刑法从处罚实害犯为主转向对危险犯的强调。刑法的职能由惩罚为主逐渐转向前瞻性预防,通过预先制定行为规范降低社会系统内部的风险,若某种特定行为在社会普遍的认知经验下,有充足理由将造成相对应的伤害,则应马上被禁止现实地实施,而危险类犯罪最能体现这种思想。
有关风险刑法的20世纪60年代,德国学者Lackner便预言“危险犯”必然会“像浮油一样”扩散开来,成为立法者的宠儿。近年由于科技的高度发展,现代社会问题日益繁杂,日新月异的社会发展对社会问题的解决提出了新的要求,以实害结果为前提的法益保护的传统刑法,已无法完全满足现代社会所需。刑事立法因势而变作出相应调整,最为关键的便是“法益保护前置化”,立法者扩大了对特定社会领域中“偏差行为”的规制,如在麻醉品刑法、环境刑法、经济型发展中出现的刑罚扩大、前置化的现象,从应对简单的醉酒驾驶到黑社会性质、恐怖组织犯罪都有“抽象危险犯”的身影。涉及到犯罪类型和归责方式上,现代刑法则选择了“抽象危险犯”——不需具体危险或实际的侵害结果,试图从源头对其进行控制。
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