体育赛事节目知识产权保护研究外文翻译资料
2022-08-09 10:54:33
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The recording of sports events
- Copyright: cinematographic works
While sports events as such do not attract copyright or neighbouring rights protection under EU law or the law of the Member States, this by no means implies that copyright and related rights play no role in protecting the commercial interests of sports organisers. The audiovisual recording of sports events, as commonly broadcast on TV could amount to a work of authorship protected by copyright law as a cinematographic work.Cinematographic works are protected by copyright when they are original in the sense of the authors own intellectual creation. Accordingly, not all audiovisual recordings of a non copyrightable subject matter such as sports events can be considered copyrightable. In fact, only those audiovisual recordings that contain free and creative choices and the personal stamp of an author can qualify for protection as cinematographic works.In many instances, the audiovisual recording of major sports events are capable of achieving the fairly modest levels of originality required to qualify for copyright protection.
To this effect, the elements that brought the ECJ to a finding of a copyrightable recording in an equally non copyrightable subject matter may be used for guidance. In Painer, although deciding on the originality of a portrait photograph and therefore not in moving but in a still image, the ECJ stated that the author (the photographer in the case, but arguably also a director) can make “free and creative choices in several ways and at various points in its production”. In particular these choice can be made in three phases: In the preparation phase, the photographer can choose the background, the subjectrsquo;s pose and the lighting.By way of comparison, the director of the audiovisual recording of a sporting event can probably influence aspects connected to the background and the lighting in order to improve the quality of the recording. Usually, sports organisers and audiovisual companies concludes detailed agreements that cover many technical aspects connected with the quality standards of the resulting footage. Similarly, the engaging postures that players take before the match may certainly be the result of the input of the audiovisual recording director rather than constituting the – dubious – aesthetic judgement of the players or of their public image consultants. Nevertheless, these aspects are related to a phase that precedes the sporting event as such and probably do not play as an important role in terms of free and creative choices as they do in photographs.
The second phase identified by the ECJ in Painer is “when taking a portrait photograph”. In this phase the photographer can choose the framing, the angle of view and the atmosphere created. In the case of the audiovisual recording of a sport event, the director can certainly influence the framing and the angle of view of the cameras. Actually, the director will probably influence framing and angle at the outset when deciding where to place the cameras (although the positions of the cameras for premium sporting events may be object of a specific negotiation between the sport organiser and the production company and therefore their specific location could not represent the free and creative choice of the director) and by instructing the camera operators during the match to focus on a specific side of the pitch or moment of the game that not necessarily corresponds to “follow the ball”. The audiovisual recordings of major sport matches and competitions ordinarily feature a large number of cameras placed in different sections of the field in order to capture not only the most important aspects of the event, but also the smallest details. Cameras, more recently, have been located on devices such as small helicopters or flying drones, or, in the case of F1 or other motor races, on the very same competing cars and are usually directed, coordinated and selected by the audiovisual production unit.
The third phase identified in Painer is “when selecting the snapshot”. In this phase the photographer may choose from a variety of developing techniques the one he wishes to adopt or, where appropriate, use computer software. This phase is probably where the creativity of the director of the audiovisual production can be expressed at best. In this case the director can choose which feed of images will form the audiovisual recording and for major sports events we have seen that the choice is considerable since the incoming feed corresponds to many different recording devices placed in different areas. The added content that is usually part of the televised audiovisual work, such as commentary, computer software animations indicating whether a football player was actually off-side, or the telemetry recordings of racing cars, are blended with the various camerasrsquo; recordings. The resulting audiovisual recording is the selection and combination of all these elements through the filter of the director. By making those various choices the director of the audiovisual recording is arguably capable of stamping the work created with his personal touch.
In Painer the Court concluded that the freedom available to the author to exercise his creative abilities will not necessarily be minor or even non-existent just because the subject matter is a portrait photographs, i.e. to say a “realistic image”. Likewise, in the case of the audiovisual recording of a sporting event (i.e. a non copyrighable subject matter) originality cannot be denied on the sole basis of it being a “realistic sequence of images”. Copyrightablity has to be verified in the light of the presence of the authors free and creative choices and his personal stamp, on
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2、体育赛事录像
2.1版权:电影作品
尽管体育赛事本身并没有受到欧盟法律或成员国法律的版权或邻接权保护,但这绝不意味着版权和相关权在保护体育组织者的商业利益方面不起作用。体育赛事的视听记录,通常在电视上播放,可能相当于一部有著作权的著作,属于电影作品。从作者自己的智力创作的意义上来说,电影作品是原创的时,受版权保护。因此,并非所有非版权主题(例如体育赛事)的视听记录都可以被视为具有版权。实际上,只有那些包含自由和创造性选择以及作者个人创造的视听记录才有资格作为电影作品受到保护。在许多情况下,重大体育赛事的视听记录能够实现获得版权保护所需的相当适度的原创性。
为此,可以使ECJ在同样不可版权保护的主题中找到可版权记录的要素作为指导。在Painer中,欧洲法院判决,虽然决定肖像照片原创性的不是动态,而是静止图像,但他指出,作者(在这种情况下是摄影师,但也可以说是导演)可以做出“自由和创造性的选择”在生产中的各个阶段。这些选择尤其可以分为三个阶段:在准备阶段,摄影师可以选择背景,被摄体的姿势和照明。通过比较, 体育赛事的视听记录的导演可能会影响与背景和灯光有关的方面,以提高记录的质量。通常,体育组织者和视听公司会达成详尽的协议,其中涉及与所拍摄素材的质量标准有关的许多技术方面。同样,运动员在比赛前采取的参与姿势当然可能是视听记录导演的输入结果,而不是构成运动员或其公共形象顾问的令人怀疑的美学判断。但是,这些方面与体育赛事之前的阶段有关,在自由和创造性选择方面,可能不像在摄影中那样扮演重要角色。
欧洲法院在Painer认定的第二阶段是“拍摄肖像照时”。在这个阶段,摄影师可以选择构图,视角和所创建的气氛。对于体育赛事的视听记录,导演当然可以影响摄像机的取景和视角。实际上,导演在决定放置摄像机的位置时一开始可能会影响取景和角度(尽管用于高级体育赛事的摄像机的位置可能是体育组织者与制作公司之间进行具体谈判的对象,因此,具体针对位置不能代表导演的自由和创造性选择),并且可以通过指示摄像机操作员在比赛中将注意力集中在比赛的球场或比赛时刻的特定一侧,而这不一定与“跟随球”相对应。大型体育比赛和比赛的视听记录通常会在场地的不同区域放置大量摄像头,这样不仅用来捕捉比赛最重要的方面,同时捕捉最微小的细节。近来,照相机已经被放置在诸如小型直升机或飞行的无人机的设备上, 或者在F1或其他赛车的情况下,被安置在完全相同的竞赛汽车上,并且通常由视听制作部门来指导、协调和选择。
Painer中确定的第三阶段是“选择快照时”。在这一阶段,摄影师可以从多种开发技术中选择他希望采用的技术,或者在适当的情况下使用计算机软件。 这个阶段可能是最多可以表达视听制作导演创造力的地方。在这种情况下,导演可以选择将哪些图像供稿形成视听记录,对于大型体育赛事,我们已经看到了这一选择,因为传入的供稿对应于放置在不同区域的许多不同的记录设备。通常作为电视视听作品一部分的添加内容,例如评论,指示足球运动员实际上是否越位的计算机软件动画或赛车的遥测记录,都与各种摄像机的记录混合在一起。最终的视听记录是通过导演过滤器对所有这些元素的选择和组合。通过做出各种选择, 视听记录的导演可以说是以他的个人风格创作的作品。
在Painer中,法院的结论是,提交人行使其创造能力的自由不一定是次要的,甚至是根本不存在的,仅仅是因为标的物是肖像照片,即“逼真的图像”。同样地,在体育赛事(即不可复制的主题)的视听记录的情况下,不能仅基于其为“现实的图像序列”而拒绝原创性。必须根据提交人的自由和创造性选择以及他的个人创造,并根据欧洲法院恒定判例法规定的条件,特别是在Painer中,考虑到事实的相似性,来验证著作权。然而,必须根据具体情况来验证作者是否具有自由和创造性的选择以及其个人风格。虽然主要的体育视听作品都具有上述丰富的摄像头,动画,评论和原创作品,但其特征是许多其他体育赛事录像可能很容易缺少上述自由和创造性的选择。尤其是,一台或几台仅记录全部情况的摄像机,而其镜头将不会创建受版权保护的主题。尽管如此,即使在这种情况下,欧盟法律体系也配备了专门的补救措施(制片人对电影的首次录制,请参见下文)。
电影作品通常是复杂的作品,其中智力创作的贡献来自多个提供者,例如剧本作者,电影改编的作者,电影的导演,艺术总监,配乐的作者和制片人。但是,在所有欧盟成员国中,电影或视听作品的主要导演应被视为其作者或其中一位作者。实际上,后者可以自由地认可其他主体的作者身份,这些主体将被视为主要导演的合著者。在欧盟,这些主体通常包括电影剧本的作者,对话的作者以及专为电影或视听作品而创作的音乐的作曲家。但该清单仅是说明性的,因为留给成员国来确定每个国内法律规定的主要的共同作者(如果有)。
根据国家法律和合同惯例,视听作品中的主要经济权利通常归属于电影制片人。因此,就体育组织者,俱乐部或联合会充当比赛的视听记录的制作者而言,视听作品的版权将归他们所有。或者,如果将视听记录委托给外部制作人或广播公司,则版权可以并在实践中通常根据特定的合同协议被分配或许可回俱乐部或体育赛事或比赛的组织者。(但是,该领域已制定了一些国内法律命令,请参见下文)。在某些司法管辖区(例如英国和爱尔兰),必须以有形(实质性)形式固定包括摄影作品在内的一般作品,以产生版权保护。根据1988年英国版权法(CDPA),胶片被定义为在任何可以通过任何方式产生运动图像的介质上的记录。 没有固定的注视,就不会有电影,但不一定有版权。电视实况转播可能会作为广播受到保护(见下文)。另外,在英国,没有明确要求电影必须具有原创性才能受到版权保护,这一方面使体育赛事的录制更加容易获得保护的资格。但是,在某些情况下,正如上诉法院在Norowzian案中所阐明的那样,英国的电影也可以作为戏剧作品来加以保护(但是,有关此法规符合欧盟法律的考虑,请参见下文)。
总之,尽管重大体育赛事的视听记录能够达到所需的原创性并享有版权保护,但是通常与体育赛事相关的其他视听记录可能不够创意,因此不受保护。通过版权,在视听产品的情况下,可以找到一个可能的例子,例如,只有一个或几个摄像头,甚至是固定的,可以记录镜头前发生的一切。如果后一种情况表示缺少作者的自由和创造性的选择以及作者的个人印章,则所得的产品不能视为电影或视听作品。尽管如此, 即使在这种情况下,制片人也可以依靠一种特殊的保护形式,这种保护是基于特定的欧盟邻接权对电影的首次录制。
2.2邻接权:电影制片人第一次摄制电影
欧盟租赁权指令要求成员国为电影的首次录制者提供特殊形式的保护。该指令将第2(1c)条中的电影定义为电影作品或视听作品或运动图像,无论是否伴有声音。与其他邻接权的情况类似,并且与版权不同, 触发邻接权不需要独创性。如果具有原创性,则该电影将受到版权(在电影作品中)和邻接权(在电影的录制中)的保护。后者独立于电影或视听作品中的任何版权而运作。这种保护形式的目的是奖励电影制片人接受与实现电影相关的财务风险和组织责任。租赁指令第5条建议对此进行了确认,该指令明确指出,电影制作所需的投资特别高而且风险很大,只有通过对权利人进行适当的法律保护,才能有效地保证收回投资的可能性。
电影制片人的邻接权包括专有权,以授权或禁止以任何方式和任何形式对电影的原版和复制品进行全部或部分直接或间接、临时或永久复制。它还规定了通过有线或无线方式授权或禁止向公众公开的专有权利,以使公众可以从他们自己选择的地点和时间访问他们,在其他地方根据要求提供其电影原件和副本的文字。但是,该权利至少在欧盟一级不包括更广泛的向公众传播的权利。电影的第一批录制品的制片人也享有通过其电影原版或复本以销售或其他方式发行(以有形拷贝向公众提供)的专有权。该邻接权自首次合法发布之日起有效期为50年。如果该电影尚未合法地提供给公众或出版,则自定像之日起50年。
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