媒体压力与企业社会责任绩效信息披露:基于两家全球性服装和运动品零售公司的研究外文翻译资料
2022-11-16 14:58:22
Media Pressures and Corporate Disclosure of Social Responsibility Performance Information: A Study of Two Global Clothing and Sports Retail Companies
Muhammad Azizul Islam, Craig Deegan
5. Research methods
Corporations have a number of vehicles available to make disclosures, including annual reports, special purpose social and environmental reports, sustain-ability reports, web-based disclosures, media-based advertisements, and so forth. We elected to review one medium of reporting that was constant through-out the period of analysis, this being the annual report. Because of the period of our analysis, which commences in 1988, we were unable to review social and environmental reports, or sustainability reports, because such reports, as we know them, did not exist in the early years of our analysis. Further, because of the nature of web-based disclosures, which typically do not provide access to previous periodrsquo;s disclosures, it is difficult to gain a perception of the changes in disclosure across time. Also, web-based disclosures did not exist in the early periods of our analysis. Hence, because we wanted to review a medium of disclosure that was used throughout the period of analysis, we restricted our analysis of corporate disclosures to the annual report. We acknowledge that this only provides a subset of the total disclosure being made and we also acknowledge that our decision to exclude other avenues of disclosure acts to introduce a bias against us finding significant results. Even though the annual report is only one medium in which corporations can make disclosures, annual reports are nevertheless reviewed by a broad cross-section of the community. They are also considered to be an important document for managers seeking to shape their organizationsrsquo; own `social imagery (Gray eta1., 1995).
Nineteen annual reports released by Hamp;M and Nike annual reports from 1988 to 2006 were collected. Various sources were used to obtain the reports including the Corporate Library of the London Business School, Swedish Companies Registration Office, Thomson Corporation, and company websites. In analyzing the annual reports, it was necessary to classify the disclosures into various categories of social and environmental disclosure. It was also necessary to adopt a basis of measurement for the disclosure.
In relation to classifying the disclosures, the content analysis instrument used by Hackston and Milne (1996) was utilized with adaptations. The content classifications of Hackston and Milne (1996) which are based on the earlier schemes developed by Emst amp; Emst (1978), Guthrie (1982) and Gray et al. (1995) broadly embraced six categories of disclosure, these being: environment, energy, human resources, product, community involvement, and others. Within these broad themes, further specific categories are incorporated. Additional issues these being improvement of working conditions, child labor elimination, and other human right issues associated with the subcontracting relationship with the manufacturers in developing countries were added to the human resource category. The reason for the inclusion of these issues is that these issues are believed to be key corporate social performance indicators for global companies that source product from manufacturers operating within developing countries. During the coding process we were also open to creating additional categories should it become apparent that other specific areas were the focus of corporate disclosure, or media attention.Appendix1 provides a summary of the classification scheme used in this research.
As we indicated in the section devoted to hypothesis development, our research focuses on positive social and environmental disclosures within the annual report. Consistent with Deegan and Gordon (1996), positive disclosures are defined as disclosures of information about corporate social or environmental activities or performance which present the organization in a positive light and which reflect a positive or beneficial impact upon society or the environment (or both).
The extent of disclosure was measured by the number of words. Number of words has commonly been used in previous social and environmental disclosure research. Further, measures, such as words, have been found to be highly correlated with other measures, such as sentences, or percentage of pages dedicated to particular disclosures (Hackston and Milne, 1996).
The same classification scheme discussed above was also used to classify the content of media articles. While different companies have different reporting dates (Nike, 31 May; Hamp;M, 30November), in order to maintain consistency, we considered media pressures towards each company for the year ending 31 December, 5 months before Nikes reporting date, and 11 months before Hamp;Ms reporting dates. We accept a time lag between the calendar year (for media pressure) and the respective companys reporting date given that previous studies show that there is a lagged effect between media coverage, changes in community expectations, and ultimately, changes in corporate operating and disclosure policies.
Media pressure is measured by the number of relevant negative media articles in the international newspaper media. Consistent with Hogner (1982) and Brown and Deegan (1998), negative (unfavorable) media articles are defined as those articles which contain information about the activities of the company or industry which indicate that the operations/strategies of the company/industry are detrimental to the societies or environments in which the company and industry operate.
Newspaper and press coverage of social issues recorded n high profile international media which address the clothing and sports retail industry over the period 1987-2005 were identified. We specifically searched for articles mentioning the clothing and r
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媒体压力与企业社会责任绩效信息披露:基于两家全球性服装和运动品零售公司的研究
Muhammad Azizul Islam, Craig Deegan
5.研究方法
企业可采用多种形式进行信息披露,包括年度报告,用于特殊用途的社会和环境报告,可持续能力报告,基于网络的信息披露,以媒体为基础的广告等等。我们选择年报这在一个时间段内是可持续的媒介来进行研究。因为我们的分析的时间段开始于1998年,所以是无法查阅当时的社会环境报告和可持续发展性报告的,并且据我们所知这些报告在早些年中的研究中是没有的。更进一步的是,基于网络披露的特性,我们很明显的不能获得更早的披露信息,也很难观察到披露在这段时间内发生的变化。所以,基于网络的披露内容并没有在早期阶段的分析之中。因此,在整个研究的时间段内我们需要想出一个评价披露的方法,就是将研究范围缩小到企业的年报之中。我们承认这只是所有披露内容中的很小的一个部分,同时我们决定通过排除其他信息披露的方式去解释我们得出结论的特殊性。尽管年报是企业唯一能做出的披露的途径,但是无论如何它都会被社会大众所评估。就管理者寻求塑造其组织自己的“社会影像”来说,它们会被当作一份重要的文件(Gray等人1995)。
我们已经收集了Hamp;M和Nike各自在1988-2006年中发布的十九份年报。我们通过以下渠道来获得这些资料,包括伦敦商学院的企业图书馆、瑞典公司注册机关、托马斯集团和其他企业网站。为了分析年报,在社会和环境披露中再次细分出各自小类,同时建立一个披露度量的基础也是十分有必要的。
关于披露的分类,Hackston和Milne修改了以前的文献内容分析的标准。Hackston和Milne所采用的内容分类是建立在Emst和Emst(1978),Guthrie(1982)以及Gray之前关于环境,能源,人力资源,产品,社会参与等六个分类的基础之上。在这大背景之下,更深层次更特定的分类也被包括进去。其它的问题比如工作条件的改善、滥用童工、其它人权问题和发展中国家外包企业的关系已经被纳入人力资源问题分类。纳入这些问题的原因是它们被认为是影响在发展中国家进行原材料制造行业的全球性企业的社会绩效指标的关键性因素。在编写的过程中我们同样开辟新的分类,使得特定的领域也成为企业披露和媒体关心的焦点。附录1提供了这项研究中所用的分类表的摘要。
正如我们在致力于假设提出的部分所指出的,我们的研究注重于年报中的社会环境披露的积极部分。Deegan和 Gordon(1996)也一样,积极的披露被定义成企业有关社会或者环境的行为所披露的信息帮助企业树立了正面的形象,或者是帮助企业对社会或者环境产生了积极或有益的影响(或同时产生良好的影响)。
披露的程度用字数来衡量。字数被通常用于之前的社会和环境披露研究。而且,测量方法,例如文字,被发现与其他测量方法具有很高的关联,比如句子,或者致力于个别项目披露的页数百分率(Hackston和Milne,1996)。
上述所讨论的分类表也被用在分类媒体的有关文章。不同的公司有不同的报告日(Nike是5月31号,Hamp;M是11月30号。)为了保持持续性,我们在每年年底12月31号确定企业所受到的媒体压力,这比Nike的报告日早了5个月,比Hamp;M的报告日早了十一个月。我们在企业所受到的媒体压力和尊重企业的报告日之间做了一个时间的妥协,因为先前的研究显示在媒体的覆盖量、公众的期望值变化、以及最重要的企业运作和披露政策上的变化上有一个滞后效应。
媒体压力根据国际性的报纸媒体所报道的负面新闻所带来的影响来进行度量。我们和Hogner(1982)、Brown和 Deegan(1998)的看法一致,认为不利的媒体报道的定义是那些包含因为企业或者行业的行为而表明企业/行业的行为/策略是对社会和环境有害的信息的文章。
报纸和新闻报道的社会问题的记录功能是由于在1987到2005年间国际媒体高调报道服装和体育运动零售业出现的问题而被确定的。我们特别在道琼斯商业资讯中的行业名称/主题中寻找了提及了服装和体育零售业的有关文章, 我们也搜索了关键字“童工”、“社区”、“企业社会责任”、“人权”、“贫困”、“产品安全”、“社会问题”、“血汗工厂”、“员工福利”、“工作场所安全”、“环境”、“可持续发展”等。
研究产生了大量的数据,每篇文章的摘要都会被检查是否和我们的理论中的分类有关。下一步,我们回顾每一篇与任何特定分类有关的文章中的具体内容。然后我们一旦确认了这篇文章包含了一个社会问题的大体结论,我们再重新阅读每一篇文章来确定提到的特定问题,有些文章在我们所选取的样本报纸中不止出现了一次。这些文章基于对多重文章的观察所给出的多重数据很可能具有较大的议题设定影响。
为了能够使1877-2005年之间的报告能进行一致的比较,这项研究仅仅选取报纸和媒体包含在道琼斯数据库内可以获得的报纸和媒体并且在所有的样本年份中都可以在数据库中找到(1987年1月到2005年12月)。我们收集了以下全球著名的报纸:今日美国、华盛顿邮报、纽约时报、华尔街日报(美国版、欧洲版、亚洲版)、卫报、时代周刊、金融时报、国际先驱者论坛报、太阳报和以下的出版社,路透社、道琼斯国际新闻和法新社。显而易见的是我们选取的媒体数量对比全球的媒体来说是很小的。不管怎么说我们所选取的媒体所写的文章是被全球数亿的人所读过,而且他们的内容也应该被其他媒体机构的记者所阅读过。进一步的讲,报纸显然是以相当广阔的阅读人群为目标的。与此同时,尽管在我们如何选择我们所界定的全球性媒体上有一定的文化局限性,我们还是认为所选取的报纸有理由被认为是达到了媒体所需要产生的效应。更进一步的说,当用这段时间里的报纸和媒体上相同的案例来进行分析,我们恰当的理解成这是媒体报道特殊社会和环境问题的趋势(并且将这些变换转化成企业披露)。我们不能保证不同的报纸和媒体会有不同的读者和观众,也不能保证对社会大众会有不同的影响。我们也无法知道不同的报纸有着怎么样的不同的潜在的政治角度或者政治目的,也无法得知他们所在组织对环境和社会有着怎么样的看法,所以参考我们的结果之前需要充分了解这个大前提。不管怎么样,在这些拥有主要的全球性服装制造和销售公司的国家选择足够数量的报纸这一做法是值得肯定的,而且就媒体对特定社会和环境议题的关注程度和变化我们给出了合理的指示。
将注意力转回到我们是如何分类和度量媒体的报道范围。每个媒体的文章根据分类企业披露的标准再细分到各个子类(参照附录1),每篇文章获得一分的初始分。那是因为我们不想过多的看中于文章的来源,因此无保留的假设所有新闻媒体对全球社会有着相同的感知的预见能力。再次重申在这个大前提下我们的结果有一定的指导性,并且由此看来如果需要参考这一结果需要慎重考虑。不过,我们再次强调我们所评论的所有报纸和新闻都具有广泛的读者群。
最后,选取的时间段(1987-1988到2005-2006这19年)使得我们有足够的样本来观察媒体关注的变化对于披露层级的影响,这也与同时期的社会和环境会计研究相关(例如,见Deegan等人,2002;Isla和 Deegan,2008)。
6.研究结果
我们开始着手于对于研究中所选定的时间段中的所找到的媒体报道的说明性信息的结果的讨论。表格1提供了关于服装和体育用品行业中负面新闻的数量的有关信息。得出结论是总共有712篇与该行业有关的负面报道,而其中81%的文章是和人力资源有关(712篇中的577篇)。在人力资源分类中,这个问题最吸引媒体的注意力-大约占到了总体的70%(712篇负面文章中的495篇)-是发展中国家的员工已经习以为常的做法。这70%能被再细分。发展中国家的恶劣工作环境所产生的事件站到了总体负面报道的50%(712篇负面新闻中的350篇)。发展中国家使用童工的负面报道占到了总体的20%(712篇负面新闻中的145篇)。除去发展中国家的人力资源问题,大约11%的文章(712篇中的82篇)描述了本国的个体公司的人力资源问题(包括裁员和歧视问题)。在分析期间发现能源问题并没有引起媒体的高度关注。712篇负面文章中的26篇提到了产品存在的问题,另外分别有58和50篇文章分别提到了环境和社会参与问题。
与此同时我们并不愿意提供各种文章关于目录的描述(远比总结分类的数据要多),不管怎么样,将新闻报道的来龙去脉还原成自然的样子还是极好的。文章经常运用情态词组和语言来描述提供货物给跨国公司的工厂是如何雇佣工人的,这些情绪性质有可能导致媒体报道合法威胁的可能性。诸如“虐待”、“剥削”、“强制童工”、“性骚扰”、“血汗工厂”这些词汇非常频繁的被运用。比如“血汗工厂”这个词汇的使用就是贯穿我们研究的阶段的一个典型头条标题。
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