中国上市公司资本结构的决定因素外文翻译资料
2022-12-09 10:25:06
Determinants of Capital Structure of Chinese-listed Companies
Jean J. Chen
Abstract
This paper develops a preliminary study to explore the determinants of capital structure of Chinese-listed companies using firm-level panel data. The findings reflect the transitional nature of the Chinese corporate environment. They suggest that some of the insights from modern finance theory of capital structure are portable to China in that certain firm-specific factors that are relevant for explaining capital structure in developed economies are also relevant in China. However, neither the trade-off model nor the Pecking order hypothesis derived from the Western settings provides convincing explanations for the capital choices of the Chinese firms. The capital choice decision of Chinese firms seems to follow a lsquo;lsquo;new Pecking orderrsquo;rsquo;—retained profit, equity, and long-term debt. This is because the fundamental institutional assumptions underpinning the Western models are not valid in China. These significant institutional differences and financial constraints in the banking sector in China are the factors influencing firmsrsquo; leverage decision and they are at least as important as the firm-specific factors. The study has laid some groundwork upon which a more detailed evaluation of Chinese firmsrsquo; capital structure could be based.
1. Introduction
Over the past 40 years, much of the capital structure research has advanced theoretical models to explain the capital structure pattern and also to provide empirical evidence concerning whether the theoretical models have explanatory power when applied to the real business world. The focus of both academic research and practical financial analysis has been on those large corporations with publicly traded debt and equity securities that dominate economic life throughout the developed world.
Although the majority of the capital structure research has focused on understanding the forces that influence corporate financing behavior of the U.S. firms, capital structure research has become increasingly international in recent years, which provides researchers the opportunity to make cross-sectional comparisons between countries and between various industries around the world. In particular, Rajan and Zingales (1995) applied the capital structure models derived from a U.S. setting to firms in the G-7 countries and found that the variables that were found to have correlation with leverage in the United States were also correlated with leverage of firms in other G-7 countries. Wald (1999) examined characteristics of firms that were not similarly correlated with leverage across countries. He demonstrated that institutional differences could contribute to differences in capital structure. His results indicate that institutions may significantly influence firmsrsquo; capital structure decision and that agency and monitoring problems, while existing in every country, may create different outcomes.
While the majority of the research results has been derived from the experience of developed economies that have many institutional similarities (Hodder and Senbet,1990; Rajan and Zingales, 1995; Wald, 1999; Ozkan,2001; Chui et al., 2002; Bevan and Danbolt, 2002), little work has been done to further our knowledge of capital structure within developing countries that have different institutional structures. Recently, Booth et al. (2001) pro-vided the first empirical study to test the explanatory power of capital structure models in developing countries. The study used data from 10 developing countries to assess whether capital structure theory was portable across countries with different institutional structures. It investigated whether the stylised facts, which were observed from the studies of developed countries, could apply only to these markets or whether they had more general applicability. The results were somewhat sceptical of this premise. They provided evidence that firmsrsquo; capital choice decisions in developing countries were affected by the same variables as they were in developed countries. Nevertheless, there were persistent differences of institutional structure across countries indicating that specific country factors were at work .Their findings suggest that although some of the insights from modern finance theory are portable across countries ,much remains to be done to understand the impact of different institutional features on capital structure choices.
Booth et al. (2001) selected countries operating a market-orientated economic system, which bore many similarities to developed countries. It is interesting and important to knowhow capital structure theories work in a transitional economy environment within which institutional structures differ not only from developed countries but also from developing economies. The Peoplersquo;s Republic of China is the largest developing and transitional economy in the world, and therefore is chosen as the focus of this study. Since this is the first examination of its type, the aim of this study is to develop some preliminary groundwork that a more detailed evaluation could be based. It is hoped to answer the question whether, and how closely, does the determinants of Chinese capital structure support the Western finance theory? More specifically:
1. Are firm-specific factors correlated with leverage that have been identified in the Western settings also similarly correlated in China?
2. Does the institutional structure in China affect Chinese firmsrsquo; capital choice decision?
3.Do the Western capital structure models have robust explanatory power for Chinese companies in the Chinese economy?
The remainder of this paper is organised into five sections. Section 2 covers a brief literature review of the capital structure debate. Section 3 provides background to the Chinese institutional environment. The data collectio
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中国上市公司资本结构的决定因素
Jean J. Chen
摘要
本文开展了一项初步研究以探索中国上市公司的资本结构的决定因素。研究结果反映了中国企业环境的过渡性质。研究结果建议,现代的一些关于资本结构的金融理论可以移植到中国,因为某些与解释资本结构相关的企业特定因素在中国的经济体中也是相关的。然而,西方企业背景下的权衡模型和Pecking假设都没有为中国企业的资本选择提供令人信服的解释。中国企业的资本选择决策似乎遵循“新的啄食秩序” 包括留存收益,股本和长期债务。这是因为基本的制度假设所支撑的西方模式在中国是无效的。中国银行业部门的重大制度差异和金融制约是影响企业杠杆决策的重要因素,它们至少与企业自身因素一样重要。以本研究为基础,可以对中国企业的资本结构进行更详细的评估。
1.引言
在过去40年里,很多资本结构研究用先进的理论模型来解释资本结构模式,并提供了相关的经验证据。关于理论模型是否具有应用于真正商业世界的可行性,学术研究和实用金融分析聚焦在这些公开交易债务和股本证券,并在整个发达国家主导经济生活的大公司上。
虽然大部分的资本结构研究,都专注于理解美国企业的融资行为的能力,但资本结构研究近来越来越国际化,为研究人员提供了国家之间的和行业之间的横截面比较的机会,范围扩展到世界各地的各种行业。特别是,Rajan和Zingales(1995)应用了资本结构模型从美国公司到七国集团公司,发现与美国公司杠杆结构相关的变量也与其他七国集团公司的杠杆一致。Wald(1999)验证了和公司杠杆相关的特征因素在各个国家都不同。他解释制度差异可能有助于资本结构差异。他研究的结果表明,制度可能显著影响企业的资本结构决策和监控问题,但在不同国家,可能创造不同的结果。
虽然大多数源自发达经济体的研究结果有许多制度上的相似之处(Hodder和Senbet,1990;Rajan and Zingales,1995; Wald,1999;Ozkan,2001; Chui等人,2002;Bevan和Danbolt,2002),等人已经做了进一步了解,但发展中国家的资本结构有很多的制度差异。最近,Booth等人(2001)进行了第一次实证研究来测试资本结构模型在发展中国家的解释力。研究使用10个发展中国家的数据进行评估资本结构理论是否可以适用于不同制度的国家。他研究在发达国家已发现的模型是否适用于这些发展中国家的市场抑或它们是否具有更广泛的适用性。研究结果一定程度上否定了这个假设。他们提供了企业的资本选择决策的证据,证明发展中国家同样受到发达国家中相关变量的影响。然而,现实存在的不同国家的制度结构差异表明具体的制度因素确实发挥了影响。研究结果表明,虽然一些研究结论可以从现代金融理论可移植到各国,但了解不同的制度特征对资本结构选择的影响仍有许多工作要做。
Booth等人(2001年)选择与发达国家有许多相似之处的市场导向型经济体进行研究。研究资本结构理论在发达国家和发展中国家这些传统经济体中如何运作是重要并且又趣的。中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展和转型经济体,因此被选为本研究的重点。因为这是第一次研究这种类型,本研究的目的是为进一步研究奠定一些基础以及评价依据。希望研究结果可以回答这个问题:中国企业资本结构决定因素是否以及何种程度适用于西方金融理论?更具体地说:
1.企业自身因素与杠杆相关的假设是否同样在中国相关?
2.中国的制度结构是否影响中国企业的资本选择决策?
3.西方资本结构模型对中国经济环境下的中国企业是否具有很强的解释力?
本文的其余内容被组织成五部分。第2部分对资本结构的讨论进行了简单的回顾。第三部分为中国经济的制度环境进行了研究背景阐述。第四部分阐述了数据收集以及研究方法。第五部分讨论了研究结果。最后,第六部分总结了本次研究,并阐明了研究结果对将来进一步研究的建议。
5.结果和讨论
5.2.2盈利能力
直观上,中国企业的盈利能力与负债水成负相关似乎支持了啄食订单模型。但是,进一步研究我们就会发现,可能是其他原因导致的这种负相关,而不是那些由Pecking秩序假设提出的例如避免投资不足的问题和新项目错误定价所导致的。
就杠杆而言,虽然因为政府信贷政策的影响银行是愿意向上市公司提供长期银行贷款,但是其资本资源非常紧张。债券市场非常欠发达。进一步来说,由于在二级市场可以持续获得大笔资金,上市公司也受到股权融资的吸引。另外由于公司治理问题和公司法没有被很好的执行,个人股东没有足够的投资保护。股本成为一个“自由”的资金来源。管理者偏好股权融资而不是债务融资因为前者没有约束力。预测的税收影响在中国也是相当有限。这是因为国家仍然是企业的控股利益相关者和银行的所有者以及税收的受益人,这反映了中国作为一个中央计划经济体的企业生态环境。这促使公司尽可能使用股权融资。因此,股权融资优于债务。由于股票发行相关的交易费用以及对公司经营业绩的限制,对于大多数公司来说留存收益是最快捷,最简单的融资来源。 此外,由于大多数的新股权通过股份分配发行,新发行的股票通常导致公司股价下跌。 因此,留存收益是募集额外资本的首选方法。 中国上市公司的新啄食模型似乎就此显现,先是留存收益,然后是股权融资,最后是债务融资。
5.2.3成长机会
影响资本结构的另一个因素是增长潜力。研究发现中国企业的增长机会与债务之间存在正相关关系,这证实了除美国以外的发达国家的相同关系(Wald,1999)。
根据权衡理论,有未来增长机会是企业无形资产的一种形式,这类企业贷款比例低于持有更多有形资产的公司,因为增长机会无法抵押。此外,代理理论认为,企业倾向于从债务人那里获取财富(Myers,1977;Jensen,1986)。具有较大增长机会的公司具有更大的灵活性,可以优化投资,从而由于资产替代效应而将债务人财富从股东中扣除。持续增长的机会意味着债务和股权之间的冲突。因此,预期债务与增长机会之间存在负相关关系。
然而,权衡模式并不适用于中国企业。一个原因可能是大多数上市公司都在制造业和重工业领域,他们拥有更多的有形资产和较少的无形资产,如商誉,研发和广告,因此增长机会有限。这反映了中国企业技术水平普遍较低。
另一个原因可能是股票市场承认增长机会的价值,银行也是如此。这一认同已经反映在股价上。根据信号模型,高价值企业能够使用更多的债务融资,因为债务具有其无偿费用,这使得较不有价值的公司更有可能陷入破产(Ross,1977)。信号模型通常预测,盈利和增长前景最好的公司将采用最大的杠杆作用。 Lang等人(1996)进一步认为,只有对于增长机会未被资本市场认可的企业,杠杆与增长机会负相关。中国市场的高市值可能表明,与上市公司相关的增长机会已被资本市场认可;因此,银行愿意向高杠杆公司分配更高的估值,并发放更多的长期债务来资助企业的增长机会。
6.结论
发达经济体中的公司和中国企业的区别是中国公司更偏向短期融资,长期债务的减少。在一定程度上资本结构理论解释了在发达国家企业的资本结构选择,但制度差异,可能限制其在中国的解释力,这表明它研究的理论基础相关性很大程度上未解决。
这个实证研究的结果表明,一些现代金融理论是可以移植到中国企业的资本结构选择与具体因素研究上的,因为,解释西方资本结构的理论在中国也适用。这是真的,尽管中国与西方国家之间存在的贸易差异,但知道这些因素可以帮助预测公司的财务结构。啄食模型与不对称信息理论似乎提供了部分解释。然而,进一步研究企业的具体因素与杠杆相关性表明,从西方经济环境中派生的权衡模型和Pecking秩序假设都没有强大的解释力去解释中国企业的资本选择偏好。
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