摘 要

生物质炭具有高度稳定性、碱性、多孔性、强吸附性、高阳离子交换量和丰富的养分含量等理化特性，随着研究的深入，发现其所具有的理化特性可以很好的应用于农田土壤改良，可以有效减少土壤中氮磷养分流失，提高作物产量，减少化肥施用量和农田氮磷的养分流失带来的面源污染，同时还可以高效处理秸秆这种农业废弃物。论文通过室内模拟实验，研究了不同种类生物质炭对水氮磷的吸附作用，探讨了生物质炭对土壤中氮磷的固持效果，并计算出各种生物质炭在水-土条件下的吸附量，以期为生物质炭用于农业面源污染氮磷流失的防控提供数据支撑和理论依据。论文主要研究结果如下：

（1）对水溶液中的磷的吸附效果最好的是油菜秸秆生物质炭，浓度为40mg/L时，最大吸附效率可达59.46%。吸附效果最不好的是谷壳生物质炭，浓度为20mg/L时，吸附率为24.14%。

（2）对水溶液中的NH₄ -N吸附效果最好的是稻草秸秆生物质炭，当浓度为5mg/L时吸附效率达到最高，65.13%。吸附效果最差的是谷壳生物质炭，最好的吸附率只有5.99%。

（3）生物质炭对土壤中NH₄ -N的吸附量可以达到最大值的条件是添加1%生物质炭，并停留在12小时，；对土壤中NO₃^--N的吸附量可以达到最大值的是添加3%生物质炭，并在土壤中停留48h。

关键词：氮，磷，生物质炭，吸附

Abstract

Biomass carbon with high stability, strong alkali, porosity, adsorption, high cation exchange capacity and rich nutrient content such as physical and chemical properties, with the deepening of the research, found in the physical and chemical properties can be good used in farmland soil improvement, can effectively reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil nutrient increase crop yield, appropriate amount and farmland nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer reduce nutrient loss of non-point source pollution, at the same time also can efficiently deal with the agricultural waste of straw. Based on indoor simulation experiment, this paper studies the different types of biomass charcoal adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus to water, this paper discusses the biomass carbon to nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil retaining effect, and calculates various biomass carbon under the condition of water and soil adsorption capacity, in the hope of living substance carbon used for agricultural non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus loss prevention and control to provide data support and theoretical basis. The main research results are as follows:

(1) The best adsorption effect of phosphorus in aqueous solution is that of biomass carbon from rape straw. When the concentration is 40mg/L, the maximum adsorption efficiency can reach 59.46%. The biomass carbon of rice husk has the worst adsorption effect. When the concentration is 20mg/L, the adsorption rate is 24.14%.

(2) Straw biomass charcoal has the best adsorption effect on NH4 -n in aqueous solution. When the concentration is 5mg/L, the adsorption efficiency reaches the highest level (65.13%). The biomass carbon of rice husk has the worst adsorption effect, and the best adsorption rate is only 5.99%.

(3) The condition that the adsorption capacity of biomass carbon for NH4 -n in soil can reach the maximum value is that 1% of biomass carbon is added and stays for 12 hours. The adsorption capacity of NO3--N in the soil can reach the maximum when 3% biomass carbon is added and stays in the soil for 48h.

Keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, biomass carbon, adsorption

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第1章 绪论 1

1.1生物质炭 1

1.1.1生物质炭概述 1

1.1.2生物质炭的理化特性 1

1.2生物质炭与土壤质量 2

1.2.1生物质炭对土壤物理特性的影响 2

1.2.2生物质炭对土壤化学特性的影响 2

1.2.3生物质炭对土壤养分特性的影响 3

1.3生物质炭与土壤氮磷淋溶的影响 3

1.3.1内在因素 3

1.3.2外在因素 4

1.4研究目的与意义 5

第2章 材料与方法 6

2.1供试材料 6

2.1.1供试土壤 6

2.2.2生物质炭制备和理化性质 6

2.1.3仪器与设备 6

2.2实验设计 7

2.2.1水溶液吸附实验 8

2.2.2土壤泡水实验 8

2.3测定方法 8

2.4数据分析统计方法 9

第3章 实验结果 11

3.1生物质炭对水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附 11

3.2生物质炭水溶液中NH₄ -N的吸附 12

3.3生物质炭对溶液中NO₃^--N的吸附...............................................................................13

3.4生物质炭对土壤中的磷吸附..........................................................................................14

3.5生物质炭对土壤中的NH₄ -N吸附...............................................................................15

3.5生物质炭对土壤中的NO3^--N吸附...............................................................................16

第4章 讨论..............................................................................................................................17

4.1生物质炭吸附水溶液中的磷、NH₄ -N、NO3^--N........................................................17

4.2土壤泡水实验..................................................................................................................17

第5章 结论与建议..................................................................................................................19

5.1 结论.................................................................................................................................19

5.2 问题与建议...................................................................................................................19

参考文献…………………………………………………………………………………..…20

致谢………………………………………………………………………………………......22

第1章 绪论

1.1生物质炭

1.1.1生物质炭概述

生物质炭的概念最开始出现在20世纪。是一个古老又新鲜的名词，木炭就是一种历史悠久的生物质炭的代表，它在人类文明发展种具有重要地位。但是利用生物质炭来改良环境则是比较新的发现，初期研究者们对于生物质炭的称呼多种多样，随着对生物质炭研究的发展，2007年，在澳大利亚，国际生物质炭协会（International Biochar Initiative）对生物质炭的定义作了如下表述：生物质炭是生物质在缺氧条件下通过热化学转化的道德固态产物，他可以单独或者作为添加剂使用，能够改良土壤、提高资源利用效率、改善或者避免特定的环境污染，以及作为温室气体减排的有效手段^[1]。

1.1.2生物质炭的理化特性