论文总字数：20059字

摘 要

随着经济的发展，环境污染问题也越来越多，其中对人体生命健康带来直接威胁的空气污染问题引起了人们特别的重视，很多研究关注工业企业排放污染物引起的大气环境污染问题，对于居民家庭燃料所带来空气污染有所忽视，但是根据世界卫生组织（WHO）估计，2012年家庭空气污染导致的过早死亡相当于全球死亡数的7.7%，居民家庭燃料不完全燃烧带来的空气污染也成为影响全球环境健康的重要因素。因此，本研究在查阅文献的基础上获得全国（城市和农村）取暖及烹饪做饭常用的灶具和燃料，在此基础上，收集不同燃料燃具的大气污染物排放系数，构建污染物排放模型，计算居民家庭燃料使用的环境和经济影响。研究结果表明，燃烧煤等传统固体燃料或者生物质燃料排放出的污染气体的治理成本远高于天然气等相对清洁的燃料。同时在对于燃料燃具组合的研究中间发现，在使用相同燃料燃具燃烧，一个带烟囱即带有完善的空气流通设备的燃具会比不带烟囱的燃具对使用者的暴露影响更少。但数据调查表明，在农村仍然有较多的家庭用不带烟囱的燃具，这也是造成燃料燃烧对人体健康不利影响的关键因素。该研究可以为国家制定相关的居民燃料使用政策提供参考，为改善居民家庭燃料结构提供建议。

关键词：家庭燃料；污染物排放；环境影响；经济影响

Abstract

With the development of economy, there are more and more problems of environmental pollution, among which air pollution, which brings a direct threat to human life and health, has attracted people's special attention. Many studies pay attention to the problem of air environmental pollution caused by pollutants emitted by industrial enterprises, and ignore the air pollution caused by household fuel, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO), The premature death caused by household air pollution in 2012 is equivalent to 7.7% of the global death toll. Air pollution caused by incomplete combustion of household fuel has also become an important factor affecting global environmental health. Therefore, the basis of this study is to consult the literature. On the basis of obtaining the cooking utensils and fuels commonly used in heating and cooking in China (urban and rural areas), the emission coefficients of air pollutants from different fuel combustibles were collected, and the pollutant emission models were constructed. Calculate the environmental and economic impact of household fuel use. The results show that the treatment cost of polluting gases emitted by traditional solid fuels such as burning coal or biomass fuels is much higher than that of relatively clean fuels such as natural gas. At the same time, in the course of the study of fuel combination, it is found that in the use of the same fuel combustion, a fuel with chimneys, that is, with perfect air circulation equipment, will be more violent to users than those without chimneys. Exposure has less effect. However, the data survey shows that there are still more households without chimneys in rural areas, which is also the key factor causing the adverse effects of fuel combustion on human health. This study can provide a reference for the country to formulate relevant residential fuel use policies and provide suggestions for improving the fuel structure of households.

Key Words：Household fuel；pollutant discharge；environment effects；economic impact

目录

摘要 Ⅰ

Abstract Ⅱ

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景 1

1.2 研究目的及意义 1

1.3 国内外研究现状 2

1.3.1 国外研究现状 2

1.3.2 国内研究现状 3

1.4 研究内容及技术路线 4

1.4.1 研究内容 4

1.4.2 技术路线 6

第二章 研究模型建立及数据来源 7

2.1 环境影响 7

2.1.1 模型 7

2.1.2 数据来源 7

2.2 经济影响 8

2.2.1 模型 8

2.2.2 数据来源 9

2.3 现有环境污染物数据分析 9

2.3.1悬浮颗粒物TSP 9

2.3.2 二氧化硫SO 10

2.3.3 氮氧化物NO 10

2.3.4 重金属 11

2.3.5 一氧化碳CO 11

2.4 居民家庭空气污染来源 11

2.4.1 取暖 12

2.4.2 做饭 14

2.5 本章小结 16

第三章 居民家庭燃料使用的环境和经济影响 17

3.1 政策情景 17

3.2 城市燃料影响 17

3.2.1 城市燃料的环境影响 17

3.2.2 城市燃料的经济影响 19

3.3 农村燃料影响 19

3.3.1 农村燃料的环境影响 19

3.3.2 农村燃料的经济影响 21

第四章 治理与改善室内燃料污染的办法 23

4.1 治理改善办法 23

4.2 政策建议 23

第五章 结论与展望 25

5.1 结论 25

5.2 研究的不足及未来展望 25

参考文献 26

致谢 28

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