论文总字数：17483字

摘 要

含油废水来源广泛，除石油开采加工过程中排放的含油废水外，还有工业工艺过程中所排放的润滑剂和抛光液等。含油废水体积大、不易被微生物分解、污染区域大和废水本身成分十分复杂，因其对环境和生态系统的潜在破坏而受到广泛关注。含油废水的物化性质非常稳定，固有的油水分离技术不易将油有效去除，因而含油废水的处理存在很大的困难。膜分离法是新型、有效处理含油废水的方法之一，陶瓷膜过滤油水的效率高、分离精度高、运行温度和压力低，在安全性和运行能耗方面优势突出。陶瓷膜技术处理工业乳化油废水时陶瓷膜易发生堵塞和污染，而且陶瓷膜过滤工艺的总体经济成本需要进一步降低，解决以上问题是实现陶瓷膜分离乳化油技术工业化应用的关键。本课题采用多通道陶瓷膜进行含油废水处理实验，研究陶瓷膜孔径、膜通道数量对分离过程的影响，考察不同跨膜压差、不同储料罐外循环水温度、不同膜面流速对过渗透液流量、渗透液油浓度的影响，优化膜分离过程的相关操作条件与陶瓷膜在含油加工液回用、处置方面的应用。实验结果表明，陶瓷膜过滤最佳条件为：温度20 ℃、跨膜压差1 bar、膜面流速1.39 m/s（流量为1.2 m³/h）。同时发现，平均孔径为100 nm的19通道陶瓷膜处理工业乳化油废水时，截留率可达43%，截留效果较好的同时膜通量较大。本文为陶瓷膜处理含油废水技术的工业化应用提供重要数据支撑。

关键词：乳化油 多通道陶瓷膜 膜分离

Study on application of ceramic membrane in the treatment of industrial oily wastewater

Abstract

Oily wastewater comes from a wide range of sources, including lubricants and polishing fluids discharged in the process of petroleum exploitation and processing, as well as industrial processes. Oily wastewater is large in volume, not easy to be decomposed by microorganisms, polluted areas and the composition of wastewater itself is very complex, which is widely concerned because of its potential damage to the environment and ecosystem. The physical and chemical properties of oily wastewater are very stable, and the inherent oil-water separation technology is not easy to effectively remove oil, so there are great difficulties in the treatment of oily wastewater. Membrane separation is one of the new and effective methods to treat oily wastewater. Ceramic membrane has high efficiency, high separation precision, low operating temperature and pressure, and prominent advantages in safety and energy consumption. Ceramic membrane technology is prone to blockage and pollution when treating industrial emulsified oil wastewater, and the overall economic cost of ceramic membrane filtration process needs to be further reduced, solving the above problems is the key to realize the industrial application of ceramic membrane separation emulsified oil technology. This topic using multi-channel ceramic membrane to oily wastewater treatment experiment, the ceramic membrane pore size, membrane channel number on the separation process, the influence of different transmembrane pressure difference can save material, different outer circulating water temperature, different across the membrane surface flow seepage fluid flow, the influence of the concentration of penetrating fluid oil, optimizing relevant operating conditions of membrane separation process and ceramic membrane in oil processing liquid recycle and disposal. The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions of ceramic membrane filtration were: temperature 20 ℃, transmembrane pressure difference 1 bar, membrane flow rate 1.39 m/s (flow rate 1.2 m³/h). At the same time, it was found that when the 19-channel ceramic membrane with an average pore diameter of 100 nm was used to treat industrial emulsified oil wastewater, the retention rate was up to 43%, and the retention effect was good while the membrane flux was large. This paper provides basic data for the industrial application of ceramic membranes in the treatment of oily wastewater.

Key Words: oily wastewater; Multi-channel ceramic membrane; Membrane separation

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

目录 III

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 含油废水污染现状 1

1.1.1 含油废水的来源 1

1.1.2 含油废水的危害 1

1.1.3 含油废水的性质 1

1.2 含油废水的处理方法 2

1.3 膜技术用于含乳化油废水的研究现状 2

1.3.1 有机膜研究现状 2

1.3.2 无机陶瓷膜研究现状 2

1.3.3陶瓷膜技术应用存在的问题 3

1.4 本文研究目的和意义 3

1.5 本文主要研究内容 3

第二章 陶瓷膜错流测试装置及纯水通量表征 5

2.1 引言 5

2.2 实验中所需的主要器材 5

2.3 实验流程和设备图 5

2.4 纯水通量 7

2.5 本章小结 10

第三章 陶瓷膜用于工业乳化油废水处理 11

3.1 实验部分 11

3.1.1 实验试剂与实验器材 11

3.1.2 油含量分析 11

3.2 结果与讨论 13

3.2.1 温度对渗透液通量的影响 13

3.2.2 跨膜压差对渗透液通量的影响 15

3.2.3 膜面流速对渗透液通量的影响 17

3.2.4 膜材料对渗透液通量的影响 20

3.2.5 渗透液油含量 20

3.3 本章小结 20

第四章 总结与展望 21

参考文献 22

致 谢 25

第一章 绪论

1.1 含油废水污染现状

1.1.1 含油废水的来源

含油废水的主要来源有：石油开采和加工过程中排放的含油废水，工业工艺过程中所排放的润滑剂和抛光液和其它含油废水。

1.1.2 含油废水的危害

含油废水因其对环境和生态系统的潜在破坏而受到广泛关注。含油废水的特征：体积大、不易被微生物分解、污染区域大和废水本身成分十分复杂。因此含油废水难以处理。在含油废水污染了水源后，人类日常用水或食用含油废水污染的生物时，在体内会堆积很多威胁健康的元素，因此含油废水对人类的健康有巨大的威胁 ^[1]。

1.1.3 含油废水的性质

含油废水主要是由水，乳化剂和油类组成。其中油类组成主要为烷烃，芳香烃及环烷烃类有机物，乳化剂为天然油组份如沥青质等或人工添加成份。含油废水分为以下三大类：

（1）浮油：此类油污与空气接触后会随时间推移重组分比例逐渐增加，颜色变深。浮油的油滴粒径尺寸较大，通常大于100 μm，易于从含油废水中分离出来。

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