末端炔烃与醇在可见光下亲核加成反应的研究毕业论文
2022-05-31 22:23:04
论文总字数:26139字
摘 要
环境污染和能源危机是当今社会的的两大难题,如何解决这两大难题是当前我们迫切需要思考的。1972年 Fujshima和Honda等人[1]在研究水在TiO2电极上的光致分解时发现了光催化现象从此展开了光催化在环境净化和光能转换等方面的广泛研究由于光催化技术能够降解和分解有机和无机污染物。在过去40年里,人们在光催化材料开发与应用方面的研究取得了丰硕的成果[2-3]。以TiO2 为例,揭示了其晶体结构表面,羟基自由基以及氧缺陷对量子效率的影响机制;采用元素掺杂,复合半导体以及光敏化等手段拓展其光催化活性至可见光响应范围;通过在其表面沉积贵金属纳米颗粒可以提高电子-空穴对的分离效率,提高其光催化活性。[4]
本文通过透射电镜(TEM)研究表明:催化剂具有良好的形貌特征而且贵金属纳米粒子能很均匀地负载在载体表面,贵金属纳米粒子的粒径分布比较窄,基本上在3-6 nm之间。固体粉末X射线衍射(XRD)表征显示:纳米贵金属粒子的各晶面的衍射峰都能得到很好的归属;可见光-紫外漫反射(Uv-Vis DR)表征结果说明:两种催化剂均在可见光波长范围内具有很好的吸收。
将制备好的催化剂分别应用在两种类型反应中,以期从实验的角度验证催化剂的性能。具体内容可概括如下:
(1)论文中我们采用了液相还原法制备了多种纳米贵金属粒子负载的光催化剂,(不同负载金属,不同载体,不同负载量)。并对催化剂进行了包括UV-Vis,TEM和XRD在内的多种测试表征手段。结果表明:该方法制备出的催化剂粒径分布窄,约为3-6 nm之间,而且在载体上分布很均匀。
(2)另外,本文还探究了不同纳米金颗粒负载的催化剂在末端炔烃加成反应中的应用,考察了催化剂种类、催化剂负载量、催化剂用量、光照强度等因素对末端炔烃加成反应的影响,优化了反应条件,提高了产物的选择性和底物的转化率。结果发现:负载量为5%的Au/CeO2在反应中表现出的催化活性最高,其中24 h时底物苯乙炔的转化率为85.6%;催化剂最佳用量为10 mg/ml;反应的最佳光照强度为0.5 w/cm2。
关键词:光催化 环境 能源
ABSTRACT
Pollution of the environment and energy crisis are social nowadays of of two greatest hard nut to crack,how solve these two greatest hard nut to cracks is current us to urgently need to be considered.Persons,such as Fujshima and Honda...etc. In 1972 the extensive research in the aspects of studying water when the light on the TiO2 electrodeses is to resolving discovering light catalyst phenomenon from now on launching light catalyst purifying and only canning convert to wait in the environment. [1] Within the past 40 yearses, people obtained a plenteous achievement in the research of the light catalyst material development and the application. [2-3] Take TiO2 as an example, announced to public it crystal structure surface, Qian radicle free radicals and influence mechanism of oxygen blemish to quantum efficiency;Adopt a chemical element to blend, it catalyst activity that is quick to turn to wait means to expand its light to reunite semi-conductor and light to it is thus clear that only respond to scope;Pass can raise an electronics at its surface deposition precious metal Na rice grain-empty cave right separation efficiency, raise it light catalyst activity.[4]
The results of Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the catalysts have good characteristics of morphology and precious metal nanoparticles can be uniformly load on the carrier surface, precious metal nanoparticles were of narrow particle-size distribution, generally between 3-6 nm. Solid powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization showed that the diffraction peak of noble metal nanoparticles of the crystal face can be well rocoganized. Ultraviolet-Visible light Diffuse Reflction(Uv - Vis DR) revealed that: the two kinds of catalysts has very good absorption in the range of visible.
we applied the photocatalysts into two types of reactions, in order to exame the performan ce of the catalysts in the view of the photocatalytic reactions. Detailed informations can be summarized as follows:
(1)We adopted a liquid mutually in the thesis Reduction Method to make various light catalysts that the son loads, .(dissimilarity load metal, the dissimilarity carries a body, different load quantity)Combine to the catalyst carry on include UV-Vis, TEM and XRD at inside of various test token means.Express as a result:The method makes the catalyst grain path of to distribute narrow, about is with 3-6 nms, and distribute in carrying body very even.
(2) we explored three different gold nanoparticles supported catalysts in the application of terminal alkynes additional reaction and we examed the influences of catalyst types,loading amounts,light intensity and other factors on the reaction. The reaction conditions was optimized and we improved the product selectivity and the conversion of substrates. Among them,the nano-gold particles supported CeO2 as the catalyst exihited highest catalytic activity.
Keywords photocalysis; environment ,energy
目 录
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 引言 1
1.2 表面等离子体光催化材料 1
1.3 表面等离子体光催化材料的催化机理 2
1.4 负载贵金属纳米颗粒 3
1.5 表面等离子体光催化材料与实验的联系与研究意义 4
第二章 金属氧化物负载纳米颗粒光催化剂的制备和表征 6
2.1 引言 6
2.2 实验部分 8
2.2.1 主要试剂与仪器 8
2.2.2 催化剂的制备 9
2.2.3 催化剂的测试方法 9
2.3 催化剂表征及结果讨论 10
2.3.1 紫外-可见漫反射光谱表征(UV-Vis)表征 10
2.3.2 透射电镜(TEM)表征 12
2.3.3 固体粉末X射线衍射(XRD)表征 14
2.4 本章小结 15
第三章 光催化末端炔烃的加成反应 17
3.1 引言 17
3.2 实验部分 17
3.2.1 反应方程式 17
3.2.2 主要试剂与仪器 17
3.2.3 实验方法 19
3.3 结果与讨论 20
3.3.1 不同催化剂对反应的影响 20
3.3.2. 不同负载量的催化剂对反应的影响 21
3.3.3. 催化剂用量对反应的影响 22
3.3.4. 光强因素对反应的影响 23
3.3.5. 底物的活性拓展 24
3.4 本章小结 25
第四章 总结与展望 27
4.1总结 27
4.2展望 27
参考文献 28
第一章 绪论
1.1 引言
随着社会发展和环境污染的加重,以利用太阳能的光催化技术越来越得到全社会的关注。[5]光催化材料可以将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的化学能,降解有机污染物,还原重金属离子实现对空气和水的净化。[6]光催化材料还可以将温室气体转化为可储存的化学能如甲烷。[7]因此,从能源和环境的角度综合考虑,太阳能光催化技术是解决能源短缺和环境污染的最终方案之一。[8]
传统的TiO2的光催化剂由于其较宽的禁带宽度,仅能吸收紫外光,不能有效利用太阳能,因此,可见光响应催化剂的研制是光催化材料发展的必然趋势。一种是围绕传统的TiO2光催化材料进行改性,提出的方法主要有阴离子掺杂,[9]阳离子掺杂,[10]共掺杂[11],以提升价带顶的位置或(和)降低导带底的位置,从而减小TiO2的禁带宽度;晶面控制,制备富含高能面的TiO2。除此还有构建异质结构和表面非晶化等方法,将表面等离子体共振与光催化相结合的表面等离子体光催化材料,作为一种新颖的增强可见光光催化性能的材料。
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