沉淀溶解度的影响因素研究毕业论文
2022-06-04 22:43:59
论文总字数:23821字
摘 要
物质的溶解度反映了物质的溶解性能。难溶盐的溶度积常数是一个重要的数值,它对于讨论难溶性铅盐沉淀的生成和溶解等问题是一个重要依据。物质的溶解过程是一复杂的化学过程,受到温度的不同、溶液pH的不同、同离子效应,配位效应等诸多因素的影响。
本论文在文献综述基础上用三种难溶铅盐(PbI2,PbSO4,PbCl2)作为研究对象,采用电导法测电导率,算出溶解度。再通过容量滴定法探讨PbI2沉淀-溶解平衡的移动,得到结果如下:
1.分别测PbI2在纯水中不同温度下(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃);25℃时不同浓度HNO3下(pH=2、3、4、5、6、7);25℃时不同浓度KI溶液中(0.005molL-1、0.010molL-1、0.015molL-1、0.020molL-1、0.025molL-1、0.030molL-1);25℃时不同浓度KNO3溶液中(0.005molL-1、0.010molL-1、0.015molL-1、0.020molL-1、0.025molL-1、0.030molL-1),算出其溶解度,与25℃纯水下算出的s(PbI2)=7.36×10-4相比较可知:温度,酸度和盐效应增加溶解度,同离子效应降低溶解度(PbSO4,PbCl2得到类似结论)。
2.在饱和PbI2溶液中逐滴加入0.01molL-1~0.25molL-1的Pb(NO3)2溶液,不能产生黄色,逐滴加入0.25molL-1~1.00molL-1的Pb(NO3)2溶液有黄色;
3.在饱和PbI2溶液中一次加入0.25molL-1~1.00molL-1的Pb(NO3)2溶液没有黄色。
关键词:溶度积 酸度 同离子效应 电导率 盐效应
ABSTRACT
Solubility of the substance reflects the ability of substances. Solubility product constant of insoluble salt is an important value.It is an important basis for the discussion of generation and dissolution of insoluble salts .There are some methods of determination of solubility product insoluble salts,such as ion exchange, fluorescence probe, spectrophotometry and the rest.Substance solution is a complex chemical process.It is affected by temperature, pH, common ion effect, coordination effect and many other factors.
In this paper, three kinds of insoluble lead salts (PbI2, PbSO4, PbCl2) were set as research subjects based on the literature review. Its conductivity was measured by conductance and its solubility was calculated. The movement of solubility equilibrium of PbI2 was discussed by capacity titration. The following results were got:
- Conductivity of PbI2 was measured at different temperatures in water(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃).Conductivity of PbI2 was measured in different concentrations of HNO3 at 25℃(pH=2、3、4、5、6、7).Conductivity of PbI2 was measured in different concentrations of KI and KNO3 at 25℃(0.005molL-1、0.010molL-1、0.015molL-1、0.020molL-1、0.025molL-1、0.030molL-1). Their solubility was calculated and compared with s(PbI2)=7.36×10-4(25℃,water). It showed that temperature, acidity and salt effect increased the solubility and common ion effect decreased the solubility.
- 0.01molL-1~0.25molL-1 of Pb (NO3) 2 solution was added dropwise to PbI2 saturated solution, PbI2 was not produced, but PbI2 was produced between 0.25molL-1 and.1.00molL-1of Pb (NO3) 2.
- 0.25molL-1~1.00molL-1 of Pb (NO3) 2 solution was directly added to PbI2 saturated solution, PbI2 was not produced.
Keyword: Solubility product acidity common ion effect conductivity salt effect
目录
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT II
目录 i
第一章 文献综述 1
1.1 溶解度与溶度积的关系 1
1.2 难溶盐溶度积测定的方法 2
1.2.1 离子交换法 2
1.2.2 分光光度法 3
1.2.3 电导法 4
1.2.4 荧光探针法 4
1.3 影响沉淀溶解度的因素 5
1.3.1 同离子效应的影响 5
1.3.2 盐效应的影响 6
1.3.3 酸效应的影响 7
1.3.4 配位效应的影响 8
1.3.5 其他影响因素 8
1.4 研究目的和意义 9
第二章 实验部分 10
2.1 实验仪器与试剂 10
2.1.1 实验仪器 10
2.1.2 实验试剂 11
2.2 实验方法 11
2.2.1 PbI2,PbCl2,PbSO4沉淀及其饱和溶液的制备 11
2.2.2 温度,酸度,同离子效应,盐效应对PbI2溶解度的影响 12
2.2.3 温度,酸度,同离子效应,盐效应对PbCl2溶解度的影响 13
2.2.4 温度,酸度,同离子效应,盐效应对PbSO4溶解度的影响 14
2.2.5 PbI2饱和溶液的滴定 15
第三章 结果与讨论 16
3.1 温度对PbI2,PbCl2,PbSO4溶解度的影响 16
3.2 PH对PbI2,PbCl2,PbSO4溶解度的影响 18
3.3 同离子效应对PbI2,PbCl2,PbSO4溶解度的影响 20
3.4 盐效应对PbI2,PbCl2,PbSO4溶解度的影响 22
3.5 PbI2沉淀-溶解平衡的移动 23
第四章 结论与展望 27
4.1 结论 27
4.2 展望 27
参考文献 28
致 谢 30
第一章 文献综述
1.1 溶解度与溶度积[1]的关系
沉淀在水中的溶解实际上是分两步进行的,这里以1:1型的难溶化合物MA为例讨论沉淀的溶解过程,其溶解过程用下式表示:
MA固 = MA水 S0=
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