银行业是必要的而银行不是互联网时代的金融中介的未来外文翻译资料
2023-01-11 10:05:24
银行业是必要的而银行不是互联网时代的金融中介的未来
作者 Hanno Beck
摘要:本文探讨了互联网时代下金融机构和银行作为特殊的金融机构的未来可能是怎样的问题。由于互联网而导致的交易费用的减少会降低进入金融产品市场的壁垒,因为有可能不再需要运行成本密集型的分支的大型系统。但是对金融机构的职能研究表明,不是谁都可以销售和经销金融产品。因为金融业务中的信息不对称问题需要一个拥有良好信誉的中介,也因为需要限制大型资金池转换资产的风险。这两个要求变成了进入金融中介市场的重要壁垒。并不是每一个金融产品会因为互联网的崛起而将面临更多的竞争,只有那些标准化和低风险的产品。此外,那些拥有可观资本和良好声誉的大公司可能被视为银行的新竞争者。
关键词:银行业; 银行; 金融机构;互联网
1. 引言
“银行业是19世纪的钢铁行业。”当谈到关于新的信息技术对银行的影响时,这句话经常被提起。更一般来说,可能有人会问,新信息技术是如何成功的,特别是互联网,它可能会改变金融中介机构的商业和市场情况。利用互联网,人们可以在家执行所有银行的业务,而不需要去银行。这恐怕意味着传统银行分支机构的终结。此外,互联网已经使客户直接从网上购买股票而不需要访问当地的分支银行。从更广泛的意义上来说,利用互联网,金融市场的供给和需求可能通过互联网满足,而不需要金融中介机构。互联网的崛起是否真的是金融中介机构的威胁?在交易成本急剧减少的情况下商业和竞争将如何变化?本文考察了互联网对金融机构和银行的成功影响。
2. 金融机构的发展
几个世纪以来,许多金融交易需要个人亲自在场。随着现代信息技术的发展,这些都被改变了。如今客户可以在不进入当地分支银行的情况下进行任何金融交易。转帐和账单支付可以通过网络进行,个人金融交易以及关于金融问题的信息咨询业可以通过网络进行。此外类似智能卡或者其他电子支付系统的互联网创新使得获取现金也不用访问分支银行。
但是互联网也会改变咨询业务。在许多情况下它甚至可能减少个人亲自在场的需要。许多金融机构不仅通过网络提供大量与客户相关的信息,而且也推荐股票和其他投资机会。互联网将使客户拥有一个综合的个人金融管理系统,而不需要银行分支机构或者个人接触。
另一个受重要影响的业务是支付交易。目前,信贷业务和现金支付主要是通过银行和信用卡公司办理。因为电子渠道比传统支付系统更加便宜、快捷和方便,传统支付将完全被电子支付所取代可能只是一个时间问题。
与这些发展相反,现代通信技术的兴起也可能促使金融中介机构加强与顾客的私人联系。在未来,银行顾问的办公可能不是在一个部门或者一个办公室而是在客户的家里。
3. 金融中介机构的职能
金融中介机构的职能可以分为三类。首先,他们帮助处理由于信息问题而存在的疑问。作为第二个功能,他们转换资产的性质,为他们的客户提供流动性,后者的功能主要由银行提供。作为第三个功能,金融中介机构发布金融产品和关于这些产品的信息。
这些功能现在应当进行简短的解释。金融中介机构最重要的功能源自于这样一个事实,一个银行可能无法找出回报最好和最佳的投资,无法估计债权人的偿付能力。金融中介作为代理为债务人解决信息问题以及帮助找到最好的投资。一个中介也对第二个信息问题有帮助,大多数投资需要大量的资金,所以大量的债务人将资助一个项目。
单个的贷款人可能无法监控债权人的行为,这样他可能不确定债权人是否以最好的方式使用贷款以便他偿还贷款。中介通过监测债权人来充当这些债务人的代理。这个论点表明他们是在给客户节约交易成本,同时考虑规模经济,因此他们可以提供比单个投资者更便宜的金融服务。
金融中介机构的第二个功能是转换获得的资产。他们将不同期限、大小和风险的资产进行转换。对于单个贷款人或者借款人来说,找到一个合适的需要贷款的伙伴将非常耗时。金融中介可以通过聚拢存贷款资金来转换其期限和大小。比如,他可以通过循环许多小的短期贷款来资助一个大的长期贷款。中介机构通过提供一个集中的市场来支持所有类型的贷款人和借款人之间的匹配。中介匹配显然不同类型的协议的能力有时被称为转化效果。
金融中介机构的第三个功能可以被描述为产品和关于这些产品的信息的发布。金融中介机构为金融产品的提供商提供服务,分销他们的产品,通知消费者产品信息及其特征。
4. 互联网下的金融中介机构
4.1金融业务良好声誉的必要性
互联网最重要的一个特性是降低交易成本。这将导致市场的扩张和劳动力的分工。交流成本的减少将帮助金融中介机构达成新的市场和客户,而不需要建立一个昂贵的分支网络。此外,利用互联网,从技术层面来看,网上平台上的贷款人和借款人资本供给和需求可以被匹配,而这可能都不需要传统意义上的金融中介机构。这意味着计算机将是获得贷款或存放储蓄的唯一的工具。考虑到上面所讨论的金融中介机构的功能,这个想法很不现实。不是谁都能成为金融中介机构。但是怎么使出借人信任那些金融中介机构呢?它可能联合借款人欺骗出借人。这是一个由于信息不对称而存在的经典的主要代理问题。解决这个问题的一个方法是信任:如果代理人在过去有良好的表现,投资者就会愿意相信这个代理人。金融中介良好的声誉将帮助他吸引新顾客,因为新投资者确信他过去好的成果。
4.2大型基金的必要性
金融中介机构的第二项职能包括哪些?如上所述,金融中介机构帮助转换资产的期限、规模和风险。看上去由于潜在借款人和贷款人沟通成本的减少,互联网将让资产转换变得更加便捷。通过互联网,将更容易找到合适的寻求贷款的合作伙伴,而借款人又有提供相当规模和期限的贷款的意愿。正如上面的小节中解释的那样,中介机构的一个重要功能是提供一个集中的市场来缓解资本的供应需求的匹配。这不是真正的资产风险的转换。通过聚集大量资金,金融中介机构可以减少投资者的投资风险。如果一个出借方贷款给某人,借款人未能偿还贷款,贷款人将损失所有的钱。如果贷款人未能偿还贷款给金融中介,中介不会破产,因为这份贷款只占资金池的一小部分。
正如以上所说,做这样的金融中介机构需要一个很大的资金池。这种资金池同时也需要保证客户一定数量资金的流动性。保持一定量的必要性的资产无疑是新进入者进入金融服务市场的一大壁垒。考虑到这些因素,我们可以假设随着金融交易的风险更大,就需要更多的资金来减少这种风险,或更小的资产标准化(这意味着该资产的市场流动性更差)。新的竞争对手的进入可能会有更小的可能性,因为并不是每个中介都可以保持一个大型资金池来改变消费者的风险资产,并保证它们的流动性。
4.3金融产品的分布
但是互联网可能克服金融中介机构的第三个功能:金融产品和信息的发布会变得比现在更容易和低廉。这意味着成本密集的银行分支机构可能会变得过时:电子货币的发展、网上银行和在线咨询可能使这些中介形式变成累赘。这意味着金融中介进入这个市场的一个重要壁垒可能会消失。但是尚不清楚银行的传播职能将会过时,这可能只适用于通过分支机构物理上的产品和信息分布。
5. 金融中介机构的未来
考虑到金融中介机构的功能,有一些关于金融中介机构未来发展的注意事项。首先尚不清楚互联网的兴起会导致金融服务领域中介机构的增多或减少。通过互联网,道德风险和信息不对称等问题将不会完全被消除,所以,金融中介仍然是必要的。此外,互联网带来的市场扩展将提供更多专业化的机会,从而为金融中介机构创造新的商业机会。市场的扩大和交易成本的降低也会扩大分工的数量,从而为中介机构创造更多的商业机会。
但是同时银行也存在潜在的危险,由于上面提到过的观点和减少分支系统的必要性,新的竞争者可以进入市场并提供之前只有银行才能提供的产品或服务。
如果一个人想要回答未来金融产品的竞争,金融产品的两个特征可能很重要。金融产品的标准化程度和它的风险。产品的标准化程度决定了价值评价的需要,减少了获取产品和客户信息的需要。考虑这些金融服务的特点,人们可以区分哪些金融产品可能仍然是传统的金融中介机构提供的而哪些产品是可能基于互联网的新中介机构提供的。
总的来说,金融中介机构将不会成为未来几十年的“钢铁行业”。银行业不会消失,此外,金融服务的需求将日益旺盛。然而,这种需求不仅对银行有利而且对大公司和保险公司也有利。互联网甚至可以创造新的就业机会,互联网上日益增加的信息可能需要一个代理金融信息服务。此外,互联网的兴起可以促进虚拟金融中介机构的发展,他们可以通过互联网向不同的公司或银行提供各种金融服务。
外文文献来源:
Netnomics,June 2001, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 7-22
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Banking is essential, banks are not. The future of financial intermediation in the age of the Internet
Hanno Beck
This paper examines the question how the future of financial intermediaries and banks as special financial intermediaries may look like in the age of the Internet. The reduction of transaction costs caused by the Internet will reduce the barriers to enter the market for financial products, because there may be no longer a need to run a large system of cost-intensive branches. But as closer examination of the functions of financial intermediaries shows, not everybody can sell and distribute financial products.This is true because of asymmetric information problems in financial business which require an intermediary with a good reputation and because of the need to keep large funds of capital to transform the risk of assets. Both requirements represent an important barrier to enter the market for financial intermediation.Not every financial product will be exposed to more competition due to the rise of the Internet but only products which are standardized and have a low risk. Moreover, large firms with high amounts of capital and a good reputation can be considered as new competitors for banks.
Keywords: banks, banking, financial intermediaries, Internet
1. Introduction
“Banks are the steel industry of the nineties.” This statement is often heard when it comes to a discussion of the consequences of new information technologies for banks.More in general, it can be asked, how the success of new information technologies,especially of the Internet, may change business and market situation for financial intermediaries.With the help of the Internet it will be possible to execute all banking business from home without the need of a bank. This would mean the end of traditional banking by means of branches. Moreover, the Internet already enables customers to buy stocks directly without visiting a local branch of a bank. In some years it may be even possible to buy stocks via the Internet directly from the issuer without the need of a stock exchange and a broker. In a broader sense, with the help of the Internet it may be possible that supply and demand on financial markets may meet via the Internet without the help of financial intermediaries. Is the rise of the Internet really a threat for financial intermediaries? How will business and competition change in a world with extremely strong reduced transaction costs? This paper examines the consequences of the success of the Internet for financial intermediaries and banks. A financial intermediary shall be Paper presented at the Second Berlin Internet Economics Workshop.defined as an institution that acts as an intermediary on capital markets by matching supply and demand on these markets. He does not only provide market transparency but moreover acts as a middleman between lenders and borrowers. A bank is a special financial intermediary with a lot of cost-intensive local branches. Moreover, a bank provides a bundle of different services while most other intermediaries only concentrate on one or few specific business. For example, a bank provides credit to firms and private customers, sells stocks and mutual funds and pays interest for saving deposits and distributes the money it receives from the central bank by providing its customers with cash. (These arguments are valid for the European Universalbanken system, but partially also for the anglo-american Trennbanken system.) As a consequence, the balance sheet of a bank consists of immediately withdrawable liabilities which are used as legal means of payment as well as of liabilities with a longer maturity. Moreover, a lot of these liabilities deposited by the customers are not assigned to a special purpose. To sum up, a bank bundles a lot of financial products and services like consulting and is not as much specialized than other financial intermediaries.
The second section will give a short overview of developments in the financial sector driven by technical progress. The third section will examine the functions of financial intermediaries and how they will be affected by new information technologies. In the following section, some conclusions shall be drawn from these considerations. This may help to answer the question how the landscape for financial intermediaries will look like in the age of the Internet.
2. Developments in financial intermediation
For centuries, many financial transactions required personal presence. This has
changed with the rise of modern communication techniques. Nowadays a customer can
do all his financial business without entering a local branch of a bank. This can be demonstrated with online-banking: The customer does all his banking (business) at home via the Internet. The transfer of payments and the payment of bills can be done via the net and information about personal financial transactions as well as consultation about financial questions can also be given via the net. Moreover, innovations like smart cards or other electronic payment systems eliminate the need to visit a branch in order to get some cash.
But the Internet will also change consulting activities: it may even reduce the need for personal presence in many cases. Many financial intermediaries provide not only a lot of customer-relevant information via the net, but also recommendations on stocks and other investment opportunities. Moreover, techniques like video-conferencing or Web-TV by means of a so-called settop-box will enforce this development. The Internet will enable intermediaries to bundle the capacities of their consultants wherever they may be located. This means that a customer can consult many experts from without even leaving his home. The Internet will enable a customer to have a comprehensive personal financial managemen
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