金融危机对中印经济的影响外文翻译资料
2022-11-27 14:36:20
Financial Crisis and Its Impact on the Economies of
China and India
Kalim Siddiqui
Abstract: The study will focus on the current financial crisis and its impact on the growth, trade and employment in emerging market economies (EMEs) namely China and India. The emerging market economies are characterized as transitional, which means that they are in the process of moving from a closed to an open market economy. It is said that by adoption of neoliberal policies, the economy will suppose to lead to a better economic performance levels, as well as transparency and efficiency in the capital market.
The proponents of the lsquo;neoliberal economic policiesrsquo; always maintained that it is working and as a consequence, for example, the Indian economy is growing at high rates, the stock market is booming, foreign reserve is at a comfortably high level. The lsquo;free tradersquo; policy is making availability of a variety of goods unimaginable earlier as a mark of the benefits of globalization. The lsquo;invisible handrsquo; of the market, tries to pretend that market operates in isolation. On the basis most recent available data and studies the author has examined the impact of financial crisis on the economic growth and various sectors of the economies in China and India. Finally, the author finds the argument that China emerging as the alterative engine of growth for the world economy is too ambitious. Some have suggested that a lsquo;decoupled Asiarsquo; through its own growth and expanding domestic demands would ensure higher imports demands for its growing economies and thus limit the economic slowdown in the developed economies. But this is unlikely due to: the US, EU and Japan together account for more than half of Chinarsquo;s exports, and as recession deepens, it is bound to affect export sector and overall economic activity in China.
Keywords: Financial crisis, emerging market economies, India, China, neo-liberalism, FDI, growth rates and economic crisis.
1 Introduction
The financial crisis began in August 2007 in the US and West European countries and it has since affected the developing countries. This article attempts to examine the impact of current global financial crisis on the emerging economies namely China and India. I think a critical analysis is important on this issue because these two countries together constitute more than one-third of the worldrsquo;s population. Moreover, since the adoption of neoliberal economic reforms (also known as lsquo;market-friendlyrsquo; policies) both economies had experienced rapid economic growth and thus projected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank as successful examples towards removal of unemployment and poverty (Winters and Yusef 2007; Dyer 2009a; Bradsher 2009a).
When the financial crisis started in the US, the mainstream economists and international financial institutions claimed that it would have marginal or no impact on the emerging economies of namely China and India because of the lsquo;decouplingrsquo; effects and also because these economies have adopted market reforms which had made these economies more efficient and competitive so that they could withstand such challenges (The Economist 2008a; Wolf 2008; Boothe 2008; Bradsher 2009b; Dyer 2009b). Here the purpose of this article is to study the external factors behind the recent slowdown in the economies of emerging markets.
The term “financial crisis” is broad term that covers a range of events such as crashes in the housing market, banking sectors and of course recession (Siddiqui 2008b). The world economic crisis first surfaced in the US sub-prime mortgage market in August 2007, soon spread to other areas both in US and other European countries. Within few months a huge financial meltdown was witnessed (i.e. bankruptcies of banks and insurance firms) in many developed countries (The Economist 2008b and also 2008c; Felton and Reinhart 2008).
The study will primarily focus on the current financial crisis and its impact on the growth, international trade and employment in emerging market economies (EMEs) namely China and India. More recently China and India for example, have witnessed a sharp decline in the demand for exports, foreign institutional investments and the real estate prices (Wade 2009;The Economist 2009a).
It is significant to understand the impact of current global crisis on Asian economies and emerging economies in particular because optimists pointed out earlier these economies would act as the shock absorber that would act as buffer to the Western economic slowdown. It was further suggested that a lsquo;decoupled Asiarsquo; through its own growth and expanding domestic demands would ensure higher imports demands for its growing economies and thus limit the economic slowdown in the developed economies. From the onset of the financial crisis the optimists were of the view that the Asian countries had undertaken market-friendly i.e. neoliberal economic reforms and that had strengthened these economies to withstand such situations. Asian economies so-called “success story” were crucial for the justification of the neoliberal policies as it was said that adoption of these very policies had helped them to achieve higher growths. However, neoliberal economic policies were losing credibility in Latin America and African countries (Siddiqui 1990a amp; also 1998; Williamson 1994; Patnaik2009).
The economy in China and India has been rising in recent years but Chinese economy today is not big enough to pull the rest of the world economy. At current exchange rates the IMF calculates its GDP in 2006 as US$ 2,600 bn - just behind Germany, while less than one-fifth of the size of US. However, GDP can also be measured in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which is based on domestic buying power. Meanwhile, China only accounts for 5 % of global buying power and thus will not be a
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金融危机对中印经济的影响
凯琳﹒西迪基
摘要:这项研究的重点是当今的金融危机,以及它对新兴经济体,即中国和印度,在发展、贸易和就业方面的影响。新兴市场经济具有过渡性特征,这意味着他们处于从封闭式市场经济转变到开放式市场经济的过程中。据说,通过采取新自由主义政策,经济可能达到一个更好的经济性能水平,以及资本市场的透明度和效益。
“新自由主义经济政策”的拥护者,始终认为这是有效的,例如,由于这一政策,印度经济正在高速增长,股市正在蓬勃发展,外汇储备也处于一个相对较高水平。“自由贸易”政策使各种各样的起初难以想象的商品作为全球化效益的一个标志具有可用性。“看不见的手”这个市场,试图假伪装市场运营是孤立的。在最新的有效数据和研究的基础上,作者已经研究了金融危机对中国和印度的经济增长以及各方面的影响。最后,作者指出那些鼓吹中国的兴起是世界经济增长的引擎是过于野心勃勃的。有人认为, “亚洲脱钩”通过自己的增长和扩大国内需求可以确保其不断增长的进口要求, 从而限制发达国家的经济下滑。但这不可能是因为美国、欧盟和日本加在一起占中国出口的一半,当经济衰退时,势必影响在中国的出口产业和整个经济活动。
关键词:金融危机,新兴市场经济体,印度,中国,新自由主义,外国直接投资,增长率与经济危机
1 引言
在2007年8月,金融危机开始于美国和西欧国家,它也影响了发展中国家。本文试图分析当今全球金融危机对新兴经济体,即中国和印度,造成的影响。我认为在这个问题上,批判性分析是很重要的,因为这两个国家的人口加在一起超过了世界总人口的三分之一。此外,由于实施自由主义经济改革(也被称为“市场友好”的经济政策)使两国的经济增长,因此被国际货币基金组织(IMF)和世界银行誉为消除失业和贫穷的成功例子。(Winters and Yusef 2007;Dyer 2009a; Bradsher2009a)。
当金融危机兴起于美国时,主流经济学家和国际金融机构宣称,金融危机对新兴经济体,即中国和印度,只有轻微影响,甚至不会产生影响。这是由于“脱钩”效应,也因为这些经济体已经实施了市场改革,而这些改革使这些经济体更具效率和竞争力,以便他们能承受这样的挑战。这篇文章的目的是研究新兴经济体近期发展速度放缓的外在因素。(The Economist 2008a; Wolf 2008; Boothe 2008; Bradsher 2009b; Dyer 2009b)。
“金融危机”是广义的概念。其表现为一系列的事件,如房地产市场、银行业的崩溃,当然还有经济不景气。(Siddiqui 2008b)。全球金融危机于2007年8月最先出现在美国次级抵押贷款市场,并很快就蔓延到美国和其他欧洲国家和地区。在几个月之后,这场动荡的金融危机(如银行与保险公司的破产)就波及到许多发达国家。(The Economist 2008b and also 2008c; Felton and Reinhart 2008)。
本文将主要针对当前的金融危机,及其对新兴市场经济体 (EMEs),如对中印的发展、国际贸易与就业的影响为研究对象。例如,最近在中国和印度都亲历了在出口需求、外国机构投资和房地产价格等方面的急剧下滑。(韦德2009年;《经济学家》2009a)。
了解当前全球危机对亚洲经济的影响,尤其是新兴经济体的影响,具有重要意义。因为乐观主义者很早就指出了这些经济体将作为缓冲器,缓冲西方经济下滑。他进一步指出“亚洲脱钩”通过自己的增长和扩大国内需求可以确保其不断增长的进口需求,从而限制发达国家经济下滑。金融危机开始的时候,乐观者认为,亚洲国家实行了“友好市场”政策,即自由主义经济改革,加强了他们对这种情况的承受力。亚洲经济体所谓的“成功故事”对证明自由主义政策有效是很关键的,据说采用这些非常政策帮助他们达到了更高的增长。然而,在拉丁美洲和非洲国家,新自由主义经济政策却失去了其可行性。(Siddiqui 1990a amp; also 1998; Williamson 1994; Patnaik2009)。
近几年,中国与印度的经济一直在攀升,但中国如今的经济并不足以拉动世界其他国家的经济。国际货币基金组织(IMF)以当前的汇率算出了中国在2006年的GDP,26000亿——仅次于德国,而却不到美国1/5。然而,国内生产总值(GDP)也可以用购买力平价(PPP)计算,它是基于国内购买力的。与此同时,中国仅占全球购买力的5%,因此无法补偿主要由金融危机所影响而占的超过了20%的比重(Wolf 2008;Soros 2009)。1993年在印度,尽管增长迅速,但仍只有42.1%的城市劳动力是“正式员工”,而41.7%被归类为“个体户”,16.2 %为“临时雇员”。从那以后,就业增长率没有显著变化,每年的就业增长率仅为1%,在制造业甚至更少(Dasgupta and Singh 2006)。
近期,人们已逐渐认识到金融危机影响新兴市场的经济。例如,《经济学家》指出“中国经济的快速增长戛然而止。东亚其他地区也是如此,它曾希望它在某种程度上与西方的经济创伤“脱钩”,却发现实际上受到了和其他地方一样沉重的打击,甚至更严重......这场经济衰退的规模和速度是惊人的,比1997 - 98年的金融危机波及范围更广。中国国内生产总值(GDP),2007年增长了13 %,在2008年第四季度经季节因素调整后的基础上几乎没有增长。据估计,在该季度日本的GDP年增长率下降10%。新加坡为17 %,韩国为21%”(《经济学家》2009b:10)。它强调了其影响主要是通过贸易渠道。
中印经济体有高度的'开放性',可用贸易和资金流动来衡量。例如,在印度,商品出口占GDP的比重不到15%,贸易渠道影响被假设为是可承受的(《经济学家》,2009a)。
“新自由主义经济政策”支持者始终认为,这是实践过程中得到的一个必然的结果。例如,印度经济正处于繁荣,股市与外汇储备也处于生机勃勃的状态(Siddiqui 2009a and 2009b)。
标志着全球化的“自由贸易”政策,正在使各种各样商品的可用性变得异常的早。“看不见的手”的自由市场,努力假装市场在孤立状态下仍然继续运转。然而,十九世纪,西欧的资本主义是借着发展市场力量的浪潮发展而来的。卡尔·波拉尼(1944)把这个过程叫做市场和政府“双重运动”驱动下的“伟大变革”。而且,在这个过程中,国家制定了广泛的市场条款。
因此,明确规定代表着市场的兴趣,而不是去调节它。据宣称的“自由市场”的政策和“国际开放”会提高经济增长和创造就业机会。我还是认为这个观点不正确。因为全球化趋势更重要的是提升外部与内部市场。出口将更依赖外国市场,外国投资将会增加(Siddiqul2008c)。那么政府对外国企业的需求将会更敏感。在经济方面,这将能通过更大的国际成本竞争力如工资的措施,私有化约束、税收优惠,禁止工人罢工、分配大公司的土地和其他各种措施创造有吸引力的对外投资环境的名字来筹措外资 (Patnaik 2000)。
2 新兴市场经济国家
首先我想详细说明“新兴市场经济”这一概念。新兴经济一词被定义为一个国家的人均收入为9.265美元或者更少。这一概念既包括大国家也包括小国家。这是一种典型的从自闭到开放的转型经济,同时他们正探索着去融入世界经济体系。1981年由世界银行国际金融公司的Antoine W. Van Agtmael创造的术语新兴市场经济,被定义为一种低于一般公司人均收入的经济(费尔顿和莱因哈特2008)。这些国家构成全球人口的大约80%,代表着大约20%的世界的经济。因此,即使中国被认为是世界经济引擎(Arrighi 2007; Siddiqui 2009b; Dyer 2009a; Sachs 2009),它能以更少的经济和大量更少的资源来集中,如突尼斯。中国和突尼斯属于这一类,因为它们都已开始着手发展与经济的改革计划,开创了各自的市场。
新兴经济体以过渡性为其特征,意味着它处在从封闭走向开放的过程中。这些政策的采用将会使经济水平得到提高,以及使资本市场更加透明和有效。它同时也包含了汇率制度,因为稳定的本国货币塑造了一个经济体的信心,尤其是当国外投资增多。此外,外国投资也是世界开始关注新兴经济体的一个信号,当国际资本直接流向新兴经济体,流入本国的外国货币直接增加了本国股票的体量。(Wade 1998; Kotz 2008; Siddiqui 2008a; Jacques 2009)。
支持者声称,新兴经济体为国外投资者提供了一个通过提供服务来扩张的出路。例如,新能源革命。对于贫穷的国家来说,就业水平将会提高,劳动力和管理的技能将会变得更加精进。有人宣称从长期来看,新兴经济体的总体产能将会增加,GDP将会增长,并逐步缩小发展中国家与发达国家之间的差距。(IMF 2007)国于1987年实行自由主义经济政策,而印度在很长时间之后的1991年才开始采用。因此,由于经济改革前中央都已经关闭了计划经济,两国的经济被称为新兴市场经济体的经济改革。从我列出的数据可以表明,经济自由化以来,中国和印度国内生产总值的急剧增加。然而,中国的增长速度要比印度高得多。
外文著录
凯林﹒西迪基.《应用经济学研究》.2009
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