1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写 2000字左右的文献综述： 文 献 综 述 Introduction Pakistan is a developing country; the CPEC is a great opportunity to boost the economic development of Pakistan. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one major part of the the Belt and Road (BR) initiative proposed by the Chairman of the People#8217;s Republic of China Xi Jinping with roots in the great ancient and medieval Silk Roads, however, in the context of the 21st Century. Besides the land routes between the Gwadar deep sea port of Gwadar, Pakistan to Kashgar in Western China (farther through China constructed rail-road infrastructure connecting with Central Asia and Russia) it also includes a major chapter of sea-based Maritime Silk Route that will be easily and cost-effectively connecting China through Gwadar to the broader Indian Ocean, the Gulf states and East Africa, all the way to Mediterranean via Red Sea, thus with north Africa and Europe ,It firstly announced by the Chairman Xi Jinping during his visit to Kazkhastan and Indonesia in 2013. The new transit and trade facilities will not only upgrade and expand the existing Pakistani infrastructure, but it will also provide China with an alternate transit and trade route in a cost effective manner to more regions on the earth. Research background Previous researches are as follows: Muzaffar Hussain (2019) argued that the Sino-Pakistan relations have gradually evolved in every field in the long history between the two countries, including trade and investment. Nevertheless, the changed regional and global environments in the expanding globalization context have driven both countries to expand economic ties to match global and regional interdependency in trade and investments, thus bringing economic relations at par with political and defense relations. CPEC signifies a new kind of Sino-Pakistan cooperation with the potential to further strengthen the two countries#8217; political and economic relationship through trade and development. The project has strategic and economic importance for both China and Pakistan and the ability to eventually facilitate the creation of regional stability in South Asia. CPEC has the prospects to bring peace and prosperity in the long run due to the attractive geo economic aspect and the direct stakes of regional states in each other#8217;s stability. As a flagship of BR, CPEC can encourage other regional states, including CAR states, to engage in similar projects, thus stimulating regional trade and economic integration. Despite the significance of CPEC for the region in general and for China and Pakistan in particular, the project is confronted with various internal and external challenges. The success of the project particularly depends upon regional geopolitical issues, especially India#8217;s position on the project, Afghanistan#8217;s instability and its spillover to Pakistan, and the trust deficit between some regional countries. Internally, Pakistan needs to deal with security challenges and political controversy with regards to route selection, which may hinder the execution of the project. Though the evolving regional dynamics can have an impact on the implementation of the CPEC, both Pakistan and China are determined to make the project a success due to its enormous benefits for the region in general and for both the countries in particular. However, the positive impact on the region depends upon the project#8217;s ability to extend beyond China-Pakistan borders for regional connectivity. Thus, through the policy of inclusion, Pakistan and China should rationally engage with involved actors and persuade them to become equal stakeholders instead of rivals in the project. Nonetheless, in the long run, timely and transparent implementation of the CPEC project in line with the aspirations of all the key stakeholders has the potential to elevate the socioeconomic condition of Pakistan and change the economic outlook of the region as a whole. Syed Fawad Hussain (2018) discussed the current situation of CPEC, CPEC acted like a life-line to Pakistan , Pakistan was struggling with weak economy. CPEC project has definitely contributed a lot to economy of Pakistan and will contribute in future. Power and water supply is still a big issue of Pakistan but as CPEC added five power projects in these three to four years; so one can hope for a fair outcome in coming five years. If issue of power is solved, it means almost 2% of d efficiency in economic growth will be met. CPEC connects the country through wide network of roads and railways, like Mansehra Motorway, Karachi circular railway, quetta mass transit system, railway track to Havilien to Kashgar and so on. Roadways and railways have really solved the issue of common people in Pakistan. Due to this fine network of roads and railways; it is highly likely that Pakistan would be able to gain the concept of urbanization. There may have irregularities but this project are very huge and in such kind of projects one can expect minor irregularities. But still accountability must be made first priority to make this corridor; an economy booster. Akbar Ali (2016) revealed that CPEC could foster socio economic development in Pakistan if materialized timely. It can pave the way for regional economic and trade connectivity and integration between the region of South, Central and East Asia but that needs a change in the existing attitude of India and Pakistan toward more economic and trade relations. The regional economic integration through CPEC could be a harbinger to resolve the political differences through economic cooperation. The states of South Asia, Central Asia and East Asia need more regional economic connection to make the 21st century the Asian century setting aside the perennial political issues to start a new beginning. He states CPEC as a flagship of BR can be a catalyst to begin regional trade and economic integration. However, some potential threats could hamper the CPEC to be transformed into a reality, namely the worsening security situation in Afghanistan and its spill over to Pakistan, political controversy in Pakistan regarding the selection of routes in various provinces of Pakistan and the trust deficit among certain regional states. In a longer perspective the CPEC can foster an economic community in the entire region of Asia and beyond if its vision is materialized in its true sense. Nasir Mehmood (2018) focused on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) whereby it involve a comparative study between China and Pakistan, regarding social, economic development of the two countries and the region. The Gwadar port is the heart of the CPEC project, whereby China heavily depends on it to transport their products to the India Ocean and Gulf of Persia. It means that the two countries would benefit from the Gwadar port directly and expand their social and economic activities and would ultimately intensify their bilateral trade. The study focuses on the ” Belt Road” initiative and enhancement of cooperation by win-win model. In the CPEC corridor, the amount of investment amounting to $ 4.5 billion was injected into the project, and it is expected to become the ray of light to the people of Gwadar to boost their social economic part of their lives as well as the China#8217;s trade activity, hence, enhancing their trade. The Qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied and the primary data relied on to gather the information through the structured open-ended questions from the 50 participants of the study who were from the local area. The result of the primary data was analyzed with SPSS and showed that the CPEC would immensely have a positive contribution in Gwadar in the ground of social economic. Ejaz Hussain (2018) attempted to sensitize the governance and security challenges to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. It is posited that there is divergence of approaches on governing, for instance, the proposed Special Economic Zones among the local, provincial, regional and federal governments in Pakistan. Owing to lack of comprehensive and consensual legal and institutional framework applicable throughout the CPEC areas and/or domains, Pakistani law enforcement faces duality of governance regimes, which, in turn, affects applied security in negative terms. Though Pakistan has established a special security force, both at the federal and provincial level, to protect CPEC infrastructure, Chinese labor and equipment, the former ought to take further legal and administrative measures to enhance security particularly of Chinese enterprises. In this respect, the Chinese authorities may collaborate with its Pakistani counterpart in terms of sharing intelligence, exchange of relevant information and provision of security gadgets. Based on Pakistani#8217;s bitter experiences with the Americans with respect to security collaboration post- 9/11, it may not be prudent on the part of the Chinese government and its (private and public) companies to develop interest in taking over China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in governance and security terms. Nor will it be a suitable and affordable policy on the part of Pakistan in the context of internal and external security challenges, ethnic divide, increasing intolerance, political instability and the contested character of the Corridor with significant implications for the BRI. The consolidation of CPEC is likely to connect and expand regional market, achieve socio-economic development for, for instance, western China and (southwestern) Pakistan and help stir peace-oriented initiatives in South, if not Central, Asia. Since CPEC is a bilateral economic engagement between China and Pakistan, the sustainability of CPEC carries positive implications for China#8217;s Belt and Road Initiatives in various capacity. For example, the Chinese authorities (and even companies) can assume China-Pakistan Economic Corridor as a laboratory to experiment different dimensions of the conception, construction and consolidation of an economic corridor. Thus, the lessons learnt and experiences gained from the politics, society, religion and culture of only one country (Pakistan), could be quite useful in policy planning and execution when it comes to other proposed corridors with more-than-two countries under the Belt and Road Initiative. Rohimi Shapee (2017) concluded that sustainable economic development of Pakistan is primarily achievable through strong and comprehensive socio legal framework of logistics investment both domestically and region wise. Furthermore, Pakistan#8217;s much needed enhanced export competitiveness also relied on the well-organized structure of the sector. To achieve the targets of sustainable economic growth and worldwide export challenges, Pakistan government has already initiated economic trade corridor program (ETCP) to revise and generate a comprehensive transport mechanism of ports, rail, road and oil gas pipelines. This will help make Pakistan more competitive economically, and also pave the way of fruitful logistics investment through China Pakistan Economic Corridor. To gain this momentum of logistics investment and to get desired results from CPEC, a highly competitive and effective set of legal rules and regulations is direly required which does not only comprised on domestic legal regime but also provide transnational harmonized and integrated legal structure. Moreover, it is vastly foreseeable that CPEC not only will remain between China and Pakistan but also welcome other economic players in the region on an immense level. Moreover, public private partnership (PPP) strategy can play significant role in the development and success of CPEC logistics investment in Pakistan. But for this move, government of Pakistan is required to provide a clear legal and administrative set of rules and also minimize the barriers in the way of successful public private partnership regime. For the purpose of achieving high results from CPEC investment, both China and Pakistan should develop efficient road and logistics infrastructure and also adopt innovative software rules and regulations system to achieve the goal of regional economic integration through trade. In this regard, best practice may be seen and adopted from GMS (Greater Mekong Sub region) economic corridor, CAREC (Central Asian Regional Economic Corridor), African corridors like Cambodia and Lao Peoples#8217; Democratic Republic economic corridor, Walvis Bay Corridor (Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola and South Africa and indirectly to the Democratic Republic of Congo), TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe, Caucasus, Asia), TEN (The Pan European Transport Network), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). His research further concludes that the construction of CPEC is an important consensus reached by the leaders of China and Pakistan. It will optimize the trade and energy cooperation between China and Pakistan and benefit over three billion people in China, South Asia and Middle East. CPEC realizes the new realities of global and regional politics by cultivating a more systematic, up-graded and need-based interaction for socio-economic, industrial, energy and trade development. Riaz Ahmed (2017) discussed the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) long-term infrastructural project as a major part of the Belt and Road (BR) the major global initiative by the Chinese government, scheduled to complete by 2030. CPEC is a joint project that Beijing and Islamabad agreed to finance through Chinese investments utilizing investment loans largely by Chinese financial institutions; nevertheless, Pakistan will also be responsible for investing approximately 15 billion dollars on its own in the process. While the project has been welcomed by Greater Eurasia (including Russia, Iran, and Central Asia) besides the United Kingdom and Western European countries, albeit vehement opposition by India. His work elaborates upon the positive and negative elements that will likely impact the project progress, from internal political, economic dynamics of Pakistan and consequent security challenges to the related transit tariff issues, quality labor force supplies, just as well the inter-provincial competition between Baluchistan and KPK (Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa) besides the reaction of some South Asian countries, namely, India and Bangladesh. It highlights the opportunities, challenges and the impact that this mega project will likely have to the existing socioeconomic infrastructure, job opportunities, poverty level index, and regional peace and security. 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