基于博弈论的双边拍卖交易算法研究毕业论文
2021-05-11 21:06:28
摘 要
双边拍卖是一种高效且应用广泛的交易机制,由于世界经济的快速发展,双边拍卖机制已被应用于诸多行业,拍卖品的种类变多。高速经济带来增加的贸易量,使用最原始的人力来管理如此庞大的交易已经无法满足社会经济发展需求,低效性和低准确性是人工方式的最大缺点。所以采用计算机来处理这些庞大的交易量,用高效且精准的交易智能体代替人工来处理双边拍卖类型的交易,是十分理想的办法。一个交易智能体的核心是一个好的算法。双边拍卖市场的各种属性以及参与者策略模型,十分符合博弈理论所提及的相关模型,本文所讨论的双边拍卖模型,完全贴合博弈论中的不完全信息静态博弈,以博弈论为基础来进行算法分析是十分理想的。
本论文的主要研究内容是使用Fictitious Play分析独立双边拍卖市场中的交易算法,具体核心研究内容如下:
(1)确定该算法的基本设定,对市场、交易者、交易者策略、交易者报价空间等条件进行抽象建模,基于这些条件推导出交易者期望效用的计算公式。
(2)基于期望效用公式,引入交易者信念,介绍Fictitious Play的具体计算流程,详细说明该算法在理论上计算买家和卖家在不同的类型区间上的最优对应策略的步骤。
(3)进行实验环境的设置,运用Fictitious Play算法分析市场注册费、利润费、交易者数量、交易损失等关键性参数对交易者报价的影响。
本论文通过对双边拍卖进行建模,运用Fictitious Play来对双边拍卖进行分析,发现在独立市场中,交易者的报价最后会有同样的收敛结果,并且交易者倾向于在均衡策略中隐藏部分报价,隐藏的比例取决于自身的类型、交易者数量以及市场所抽取的费用。
关键字:双边拍卖;博弈论;虚拟博弈算法
Abstract
Double auction, which is widely applied in many industries, is a kind of highly effective trading mechanism. With the rapid development of world economy, more and more institutions start to have preference for this mechanism, and the types of goods traded in it becomes more various. The development of economy derives the sharp increase in trade volume, so it is not easy for manpower work to manage such a huge trade market any more, for manpower work is always inefficient and makes mistakes easily. So it is great to use computer to deal with the market. Using an effective and precise trading agent to substitute would be a good way. And the cornerstone of this kind of trading agent is a well-designed algorithm. The properties of double auction and the model of players' strategies quite agree with corresponding models in Game Theory. Especially the model discussed in this paper is very in accordance with Static Games of Incomplete information in Game Theory, so it is a good way to use Game Theory to analyze double auction model.
The main research of this paper is to analyze the trade algorithm of isolated double auction market by using Fictitious Play. The main research contents are as follows:
1) Introduce the basic settings of this FP algorithm, and model for markets、traders、action strategies、offer space and so on, and derive the equations for the trader's expected utility.
2) Introduce the traders’ beliefs and the mechanism of Fictitious Play based trader's expected utility, and introduce the exact steps of how to use the algorithm to, theoretically, calculate the best action in different type intervals.
3)Set experiment environment, and apply Fictitious Play to analyze to which degree market fees、the number of traders and trade cost could affect market traders.
After the construction of double auction model and derivation of Fictitious Play, it is a conclusion that in an isolated market, traders' action will converge to a same equilibrium and they shade their offers in equilibrium, it depends the amount and types of fees charged by the marketplace.
Key Words:double auction;game theory;fictitious play algorithm; Bayes-Nash equilibrium
目录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 研究背景以及研究意义 1
1.1.1 研究背景 1
1.1.2 研究意义 1
1.2 国内外研究现状 2
1.2.1 博弈论简介 2
1.2.2 双边拍卖简介 3
1.3 本文研究内容 4
1.4 本文结构安排 5
第2章 博弈论模型 6
2.1 模型设定 6
2.2 期望效用公式 7
2.3 本章小结 8
第3章 Fictitious Play算法 10
3.1 Fictitious Play简介 10
3.2 Fictitious Play算法 10
3.3 Fictitious Play计算步骤 11
3.4 本章小结 12
第4章 实验分析 13
4.1 实验配置 13
4.2 实验分析 13
4.3 本章小结 17
第5章 总结 18
5.1 总结 18
5.2 展望 18
参考文献 19
致 谢 20
第1章 绪论
1.1 研究背景以及研究意义
1.1.1 研究背景
拍卖作为一项贸易活动,具有悠久历史。最早关于拍卖的记载,距今已有两千四百年左右,古希腊学者希罗多德最开始记载了发生在巴比伦的拍卖活动,由于当时社会的奴隶制度,拍卖物以人为主。之后在古巴比伦、古希腊和古埃及相继产生拍卖活动,当时拍卖物单一,拍卖标的涵盖面小,没有形成大的拍卖规模与拍卖机构,这是拍卖贸易发展的第一个阶段。罗马帝国时期,拍卖活动开始飞速发展,拍卖标的内容被极大扩充,变得丰富多样,这个时期开始出现文艺品拍卖,重要的是,原本零散的拍卖商们开始组建机构,这是拍卖机构的萌芽。十七到十八世纪期间,拍卖行业在欧洲开始正式形成。苏富比和佳士得开始首次拍卖会,拍卖作为一个国际性行业开始逐渐形成。