计算机发展及现状外文翻译资料
2023-08-30 11:25:38
Computer Development and Current Situation
Computer network is the product of the close combination of computer technology and communication technology. It involves two fields of communication and computer. With its birth, computer architecture has undergone tremendous changes. It plays a very important role in todays social economy and has made great contributions to the progress of human society. In a sense, the development level of computer network not only reflects the level of computer science and communication technology of a country, but also has become one of the important symbols to measure its national strength and modernization. Since the 1950s, people and organizations have been using computers to manage their information at a rapid rate. In the early days, limited to technical conditions, the computers were huge and expensive. No organization could provide the whole computer for employees. The host must be shared. It was used to store and organize data, centralize control and manage the whole system. All users have terminal devices connected to the system, which input the database into the host for processing, or extract the processing results from the host through centrally controlled output devices. Its most typical feature is that most of the communication flow is formed through the host system. All the communication protocols that constitute the system are system-specific. The mainframe plays an absolute dominant role in the system, and all the control and management functions are completed by the host.
With the continuous development of computer technology, especially the advent of a large number of advanced personal computers, each person can control his own computer completely and carry out the desired job processing. The computing power presented by personal computer (PC) has developed into an independent platform, which has led to the birth of a new computing structure - distributed computing model.
Generally speaking, the development of computer networks can be divided into four stages:
The first stage is the combination of computer technology and communication technology to form the embryonic form of computer network.
The second stage: on the basis of computer communication network, complete the research of network architecture and protocol, and form computer network.
The third stage: In order to solve the standardization problem of computer networking and network interconnection, the reference model and protocol of open system interconnection are proposed, which promotes the development of computer network technology conforming to international standards.
The fourth stage: Computer network is developing towards interconnection, high speed and intelligence, and has been widely used.
The emergence of any new technology must have two conditions: strong social needs and the maturity of prior technology. The formation and development of computer network technology also confirm this rule. When ENIAC, the worlds first electronic and digital computer, was born in the United States in 1946, there was no direct connection between computer technology and communication technology. In the early 1950s, due to the needs of the US military, SAGE, a semi-automatic ground air defense system, made an attempt to combine computer technology with communication technology. To achieve this goal, we must first complete the basic research of data communication technology. On the basis of this research, it is possible to connect geographically dispersed terminal communication lines to a central computer. Users can type programs in their own office terminals and transmit them to the central computer through communication lines. People call this single-centric online system a terminal-oriented remote online system. It is a kind of computer communication network. SABRE-1, an air booking system composed of a computer and more than 2,000 terminals distributed throughout the United States, was built by American Airlines in the early 1960s.
With the development of computer applications, there is a need for the interconnection of multiple computers. This demand mainly comes from military, scientific research, regional and national economic information analysis and decision-making, large-scale enterprise management. They hope to interconnect computers distributed in different locations into COMPUTER-COMPUTER networks through communication lines. Network users can use the local computers software, hardware and data resources through computers, as well as other local computer software, hardware and data resources connected to the network, in order to achieve the purpose of sharing computer resources. The typical representative of this stage of research is ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) ARPA Anet (commonly known as ARPA network). In 1969, ARPA network had only four nodes. In 1973, it developed to 40 nodes. In 1983, it had reached more than 100 nodes. ARPA network covers a wide area from the United States to Europe and Hawaii through wired, wireless and satellite communication lines. ARPR network is an important milestone in the development of computer network technology. Its main contribution to the development of computer network technology lies in the following aspects:
1. The definition, classification and sub-topics of computer network are described.
2. The concept of two-level network structure of resource subnet and communication subnet is put forward.
3. The data exchange method of packet switching is studied.
4. Hierarchical network architecture model and protocol architecture are adopted.
Future Computer and Computer Technology
Key Technologies of Computers Continue to Develop
In the future, computer technology will develop towards super-high speed, super-miniature, parallel processing and intellectualization. Despite the constraints of physical
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计算机发展及现状
计算机网络是计算机技术和通信技术紧密结合的产物,它涉及到通信与计算机两个领域。它的诞生使计算机体系结构发生了巨大变化,在当今社会经济中起着非常重要的作用,它对人类社会的进步做出了巨大贡献。从某种意义上讲,计算机网络的发展水平不仅反映了一个国家的计算机科学和通信技术水平,而且已经成为衡量其国力及现代化程度的重要标志之一。
自50年代开始,人们及各种组织机构使用计算机来管理他们的信息的速度迅速增长。早期,限于技术条件使得当时的计算机都非常庞大和非常昂贵,任何机构都不可能为雇员个人提供使用整个计算机,主机一定是共享的,它被用来存储和组织数据、集中控制和管理整个系统。所有用户都有连接系统的终端设备,将数据库录入到主机中处理,或者是将主机中的处理结果,通过集中控制的输出设备取出来。它最典型的特征是:通过主机系统形成大部分的通信流程,构成系统的所有通信协议都是系统专有的,大型主机在系统中占据着绝对的支配作用,所有控制和管理功能都是由主机来完成。
随着计算机技术的不断发展,尤其是大量功能先进的个人计算机的问世,使得每一个人可以完全控制自己的计算机,进行他所希望的作业处理,以个人计算机(PC)方式呈现的计算能力发展成为独立的平台,导致了一种新的计算结构---分布式计算模式的诞生。
一般来讲,计算机网络的发展可分为四个阶段:
第一阶段:计算机技术与通信技术相结合,形成计算机网络的雏形;
第二阶段:在计算机通信网络的基础上,完成网络体系结构与协议的研究,形成了计算机网络;
第三阶段:在解决计算机连网与网络互连标准化问题的背景下,提出开放系统互连参考模型与协议,促进了符合国际标准的计算机网络技术的发展;
第四阶段:计算机网络向互连、高速、智能化方向发展,并获得广泛的应用。
任何一种新技术的出现都必须具备两个条件:即强烈的社会需求与先期技术的成熟。计算机网络技术的形成与发展也证实了这条规律。1946年世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC在美国诞生时,计算机技术与通信技术并没有直接的联系。
50年代初,由于美国军方的需要,美国半自动地面防空系统SAGE进行了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的尝试。要实现这样的目的,首先要完成数据通信技术的基础研究。在这项研究的基础上,人们完全可以将地理位置分散的多个终端通信线路连到一台中心计算机上。用户可以在自己的办公室内的终端键入程序,通过通信线路传送到中心计算机,人们把这种以单个为中心的联机系统称做面向终端的远程联机系统。它是计算机通信网络的一种。60年代初美国航空公司建成的由一台计算机与分布在全美国的2000多个终端组成的航空订票系SABRE-1就是这种计算机通信网络。
随着计算机应用的发展,出现了多台计算机互连的需求。这种需求主要来自军事、科学研究、地区与国家经济信息分析决策、大型企业经营管理。他们希望将分布在不同地点的计算机通过通信线路互连成为计算机-计算机网络。网络用户可以通过计算机使用本地计算机的软件、硬件与数据资源,也可以使用连网的其它地方计算机软件、硬件与数据资源,以达到计算机资源共享的目的。这一阶段研究的典型代表是美国国防部高级研究计划局(ARPA,Advanced Research Projects Agency)的ARPAnet(通常称为ARPA网)。1969年ARPA网只有4个结点,1973年发展到40个结点,1983年已经达到100多个结点。ARPA网通过有线、无线与卫星通信线路,使网络覆盖了从美国本土到欧洲与夏威夷的广阔地域。ARPR网是计算机网络技术发展的一个重要的里程碑,它对发展计算机网络技术的主要贡献表现在以下几个方面:
1、完成了对计算机网络的定义、分类与子课题研究内容的描述;
2、提出了资源子网、通信子网的两级网络结构的概念;
3、研究了报文分组交换的数据交换方法;
4、采用了层次结构的网络体系结构模型与协议体系。
未来计算机与计算机技术
未来的计算机技术将向超高速、超小型、平行处理、智能化的方向发展。尽管受到物理极限的约束,采用硅芯片的计算机的核心部件CPU的性能还会持续增长。作为Moore定律驱动下成功企业的典范Inter预计2001年推出1亿个晶体管的微处理器,并预计在2010年推出集成10亿个晶体管的微处理器,其性能为10万MIPS(1000亿条指令/秒)。而每秒100万亿次的超级计算机将出现在本世纪初出现。超高速计算机将采用平行处理技术,使计算机系统同时执行多条指令或同时对多个数据进行处理,这是改进计算机结构、提高计算机运行速度的要害技术。
同时计算机将具备更多的智能成分,它将具有多种感知能力、一定的思考与判定能力及一定的自然语言能力。除了提供自然的输入手段(如语音输入、手写输入)外,让人能产生身临其境感觉的各种交互设备已经出现,虚拟现实技术是这一领域发展的集中体现。
传统的磁存储、光盘存储容量继续攀升,新的海量存储技术趋于成熟,新型的存储器每立方厘米存储容量可达10TB(以一本书30万字计,它可存储约1500万本书)。信息的永久存储也将成为现实,千年存储器正在研制中,这样的存储器可以抗干扰、抗高温、防震、防水、防腐蚀。如是,今日的大量文献可以原汁原味保存、并流芳百世。
新型计算机系统不断涌现
硅芯片技术的高速发展同时也意味着硅技术越来越近其物理极限,为此,世界各国的研究人员正在加紧研究开发新型计算机,计算机从体系结构的变革到器件与技术革命都要产生一次量的乃至质的飞跃。新型的量子计算机、光子计算机、生物计算机、纳米计算机等将会在21世纪走进我们的生活,遍布各个领域。
量子计算机是基于量子效应基础上开发的,它利用一种链状分子聚合物的特性来表示开与关的状态,利用激光脉冲来改变分子的状态,使信息沿着聚合物移动,从而进行运算。
量子计算机中数据用量子位存储。由于量子叠加效应,一个量子位可以是0或1,也可以既存储0又存储1。因此一个量子位可以存储2个数据,同样数量的存储位,量子计算机的存储量比通常计算机大许多。同时量子计算机能够实行量子并行计算,其运算速度可能比目前个人计算机的PentiumⅢ晶片快10亿倍。目前正在开发中的量子计算机有3种类型:核磁共振(NMR)量子计算机、硅基半导体量子计算机、离子阱量子计算机。预计2030年将普及量子计算机。
光子计算机
光子计算机即全光数字计算机,以光子代替电子,光互连代替导线互连,光硬件代替计算机中的电子硬件,光运算代替电运算。
与电子计算机相比,光计算机的“无导线计算机”信息传递平行通道密度极大。一枚直径5分硬币大小的棱镜,它的通过能力超过全世界现有电话电缆的许多倍。光的并行、高速,天然地决定了光计算机的并行处理能力很强,具有超高速运算速度。超高速电子计算机只能在低温下工作,而光计算机在室温下即可开展工作。光计算机还具有与人脑相似的容错性。系统中某一元件损坏或出错时,并不影响最终的计算结果。
目前,世界上第一台光计算机已由欧共体的英国、法国、比利时、德国、意大利的70多名科学家研制成功,其运算速度比电子计算机快1000倍。科学家们预计,光计算机的进一步研制将成为21世纪高科技课题之一。
生物计算机(分子计算机)
生物计算机的运算过程就是蛋白质分子与四周物理化学介质的相互作用过程。计算机的转换开关由酶来充当,而程序则在酶合成系统本身和蛋白质的结构中极其明显地表示出来。
20世纪70年代,人们发现脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)处于不同状态时可以代表信息的有或无。DNA分子中的遗传密码相当于存储的数据,DNA分子间通过生化反应,从一种基因代玛
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