高速轮式挖掘机油气悬架系统设计毕业论文
2021-10-25 21:00:32
摘 要
随着中国经济的快速发展,多种建设工程全面施行,工程机械的需求日渐增加。挖掘机作为工程机械的重要部分,其施工能力是不可替代的。轮式挖掘机具有快速行驶,不损坏路面的特点,在市政建设,工程抢修等方面应用广泛。由于轮式挖掘机的特殊需求,其对于车速的要求日渐重要,良好的悬架是高速行驶时具有良好平顺性及稳定性的重要保障,油气悬架作为一种先进的悬架系统,已经在多种重型车辆、军事车辆上得到应用,将油气悬架应用于轮式挖掘机底盘系统可以大大提升其车速及平顺性,使轮式挖机获得更广泛地使用。
油气悬架是高速轮式挖掘机底盘设计过程中的重要部分,某公司开发的20吨级轮式挖掘机拟采用油气悬架技术,以求获得优异的非线性刚度阻尼特性,同时减轻悬架的重量。油气悬架系统设计采用了串联的工作方式,保证平顺性的同时增强了车辆的稳定性。
本设计查阅了油气悬架相关文献资料,根据油气悬架的独有特点,总结了其工作特点,结合某公司开发的高速轮式挖掘机相关技术条件,仿真并分析了悬架的各种特性,确定其刚度阻尼参数,以提升车辆的平顺性、安全性及舒适性等。结合车辆的使用条件,本设计给出了油气悬架系统的布置方案和悬架系统各结构的连接形式,设计了相关油缸,连接支座的结构形式及尺寸。基于理论计算,动力学及静力学模型,研究了悬架各部分的运动特性,受力情况及应力分布,校核了其结构形式,验证了本文设计方案的合理性,为该轮式挖掘机底盘系统开发及生产提供理论依据。
关键词:油气悬架;轮式挖掘机;设计;刚度阻尼;仿真分析;
Abstract
With the rapid development of China's economy, a variety of construction projects are implemented, and the demand for construction machinery is increasing. As an important part of construction machinery, excavator's construction ability is irreplaceable. The wheel excavator has the characteristics of fast driving and small damage to the road surface, and is widely used in municipal construction and engineering repairs. Due to the special requirements of wheeled excavators, the requirements for vehicle speed are increasingly important. Good suspension is an important guarantee for good ride comfort and stability when driving at high speeds. As an advanced suspension system, hydro-pneumatic suspension has been applied on several heavy vehicles and military vehicles. The application of hydro-pneumatic suspension to the wheeled excavator chassis system can greatly improve its speed and smoothness, thus make the wheeled excavator more widely used.
Hydro-pneumatic suspension is the key part in the design process of high-speed wheeled excavator chassis. A 20-ton wheeled excavator developed by a company intends to use Hydro-pneumatic suspension in order to obtain excellent nonlinear stiffness and damping characteristics while reducing the weight of the suspension. The Hydro-pneumatic suspension is designed to work as connected, which ensures smoothness and enhances vehicle stability.
In this design, many technical research paper and documents related to the hydro-pneumatic suspension are reviewed, the characteristic of Hydro-pneumatic suspension are summarized and analyzed. Combined with the technical conditions of a high-speed wheel excavator developed by a company, several characteristics are analyzed and simulated, the parameters related to stiffness and damping are determined in this design in order to improve the ride comfort, safety and comfort of the vehicle. Combined with the structure of the excavator, the layout plan of the Hydro-pneumatic suspension system and the connection form of each part of the suspension system are designed, and the structural forms and dimensions of the cylinders and connection parts are designed. Combined with theoretical calculation, kinematic model, dynamic model and static model, the motion characteristics, stress conditions and stress distribution of each part of the suspension are analyzed, the rationality of the design scheme in this paper is analyzed and the structural form of the design is checked. This design could be the theoretical basis for the development and production of the chassis of the wheeled excavator.
Key Words: Hydro-pneumatic suspension; Wheeled excavator; Design; Stiffness and Damping; Simulation and analysis
目录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1选题的意义及依据 1
1.2轮式挖掘机油气悬架系统介绍 1
1.3国内外研究现状 3
1.4本文主要工作内容 4
第2章 油气悬架系统特性研究 5
2.1油气悬架工作原理 5
2.2油气悬架优缺点 6
2.3油气悬架的特性 6
2.4油气弹簧的物理模型建立 7
2.5刚度特设计研究 8
2.5.1刚度特性的选型 8
2.5.2蓄能器充气压力设计 9
2.5.3刚度特性分析 10
2.6阻尼特性设计研究 15
2.7小结 19
第3章 轮式挖掘机油气悬架设计与分析 20
3.1悬架设计的总体要求 20
3.2悬架油缸的贯通方式 20
3.3悬架油缸的结构设计 22
3.4推力杆的布置形式 25
3.4.1常见的推力杆布置形式 25
3.4.2推力杆不同布置形式运动学仿真分析 25
3.5推力杆连接形式的设计 28
3.6小结 29
第4章 悬架受力及应力分析及仿真 30
4.1悬架受力分析 30
4.1.1推力杆系受力 30
4.1.2悬架油缸受力分析 34
4.2悬架应力分析 35
4.2.1推力杆支座应力分析 35
4.2.2油缸支座应力分析 36
4.3小结 37
总结 38
参考文献 39
致 谢 41
绪论
1.1选题的意义及依据
轮式液压挖掘机具有机动灵活,可快速转场等特点,可广泛用于市政建设、港口建设等土石方施工和矿山采掘工程中,现有轮式挖机行驶速度一般为20-37km/h,前桥采用独立的液压摆动悬架设计,弥补了非独立悬架前桥在连续起伏路面的不足,可根据不同路况的反馈调整悬架刚度,提高整车的通过性和舒适性。针对开路、抢险等特殊工况的轮式液压挖掘机,必须具有较高的行驶速度,一般要求行驶速度达到50km/h,同时还要求具有较好的越野性能,目前采用的是钢板弹簧连接车桥与车架,钢板弹簧的变形量和其承载的质量成线性关系,质量增大时,悬架的挠度变大,固有振动频率变小[6],这样的线性特性在复杂的越野工况下,其底盘平顺性和舒适性就会变差,越野性能不佳,且无法满足更高车速的舒适性需求。
油气悬架是一种采用油气弹簧和蓄能器的悬架装置。油气弹簧悬架可以吸收和减少汽车行驶中的振动,摇摆并支撑车身,保持其与车轮之间的位置关系。悬架一般由弹性元件,减振器以及导向机构三部分组成[4],分别起到了缓冲,减震,力传递的作用。油气弹簧集弹性及阻尼作用为一体,其缸体本身也具有一定的导向作用,其占用空间小,具有优秀的非线性弹性特性以及优异的减振性能,采用油气悬架作为高速轮式挖掘机的悬架系统,可以很大程度满足车辆的平顺性要求,并且大大提高其车速和越野性能。
国内轮式挖掘机多采用刚性桥连接,少数采用钢板弹簧悬架但其越野性能不佳,且无法满足高速行驶的要求。本设计通过对油气悬架系统的结构和布置方式设计,其贯通方式方案的设计及刚度阻尼的匹配,设计相关模型,借助仿真技术分析该悬架系统的特性,为整车的设计及配套选型提供理论依据。
1.2轮式挖掘机油气悬架系统介绍
区别于传统履带式挖掘机(图1-2),轮式挖掘机(图1-1)以轮胎作为行走机构,行走速度快,对路面损坏小,能够无需其他运输工具自行到达工作场景及快速变换多种作业装置。目前国内外轮挖行驶速度多为25~40km/h,贵州詹阳动力生产的高速轮挖JYL200C行驶速度达到了51km/h[25],对比下履带式挖掘机速度仅为3~5km/h。轮挖的工作效率低于履带挖,但其机动,灵活,高效的特性,令其在市政维护,公路建设,快速抢修,抢险救灾等方面得到了广泛的应用。