双层保护电弧焊对双相不锈钢焊缝组织结晶学位向关系的影响毕业论文
2022-03-14 20:04:43
论文总字数:30184字
摘 要
在本研究中,采用双层气体保护电弧焊作为焊接方法,其中焊枪具有特殊的双喷嘴结构,内层使用纯氩气作为保护气体,而外层为混合气体氩气加氧气。选择2205双相不锈钢作为研究对象,在焊接过程中,向外层保护气体中分别添加不同体积分数的氧气(0%、0.4%和2.5%),研究不同氧气添加量情况下,双相不锈钢的焊接效率及焊缝组织结晶学位向关系。本研究采用多种材料研究设备,分别对焊缝截面形状,焊缝中的氧含量,焊缝金属的微观组织以及晶体取向进行测定与分析。
结果发现,氧气的添加量不仅会影响焊缝形状,而且也会对晶体取向关系产生显著影响。随着保护气体中氧气添加量的增加,焊缝中氧含量随之提高,焊缝熔深增加,另外深宽比与焊接效率也随之提高;与此同时,焊缝的微观组织结构也与混合气体中氧气添加量有关。随着氧气体积分数的增加,晶内奥氏体的比例减少而在铁素体晶界析出的魏氏体型奥氏体比例增大并且这两种奥氏体的形态都随之增大,但是对铁素体的比例以及形态都无影响。同时,在氧含量较少的情况下,只有极少数晶内奥氏体与母相铁素体保持K-S取向关系。这种对应关系随着保护气体中氧气添加量的增加而增加。而魏氏体型奥氏体始终与母相存在良好的K-S取向关系且这不受氧气添加量的影响。
关键词: 双相不锈钢;AA-TIG焊;氧气添加量;焊接效率;结晶学位向
Effect of crystallographlic orientation of duplex stainless steel weld using advanced AA-TIG welding method
ABSTRACT
In the study, the AA-TIG welding was used as the welding method, in which the torch had a special double nozzle structure and the inner layer shielding gas was pure argon while the outer layer remained argon and oxygen. 2205 duplex stainless steel was selected as the object of study. During the welding process, different oxygen content levels (0%、0.4% and 2.5%) were added to the outer shielding gas, respectively. Welding efficiency and crystallographlic orientation relationship of duplex stainless steel were studied in the case of different oxygen additions. The study used a variety of materials research equipment to measure and analyze the cross-sectional shape of the welds, the oxygen content in the welds, the microstructure of the weld metals and crystallographlic orientation.
It was found that the addition of oxygen not only affected the shape of the welds, but also had a significant effect on the crystallographic orientation relationship. With the addition of oxygen in the shielding gas, the oxygen content of the welds increase, and weld penetrations increase, furthermore, the D/W ratio and welding efficiency were also improved. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the welds were also related to the amount of oxygen added to the mixed gas. With the addition of oxygen, the proportion of intragranular austenite phases decreased and that of Widmanstätten austenite phases precipitated at the ferrite grain boundaries increased and both become bigger. However, the increase of the oxygen content had no effects on the proportion and the shape of ferrite phases. Meanwhile, in the case of less oxygen content, only a limited part of the intragranular austenite phase and the ferrite phase was of the K-S orientation relationship. With the increase of the oxygen content in the shielding gas, the correspondence increased. The crystallographic orientation of the Widmanstätten austenite phase and that of the ferrite phase followed the K-S orientation relationship quite well and was not affected by the oxygen content.
Key Words: Duplex stainless steel;AA-TIG;Oxygen addition;Welding efficiency; Crystallographic orientation relationship
目 录
摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
第一章 绪论 1
1.1双相不锈钢简介与发展 1
1.1.1简介 1
1.1.2双相不锈钢的发展以及研究现状 3
1.1.3双相不锈钢的分类 5
1.2双相不锈钢凝固过程的组织转变 6
1.3双层气体保护电弧焊的背景以及发展 7
1.3.1背景 7
1.3.2发展 9
1.4氧对焊接效率以及氧化物对结晶学方位的影响 11
1.4.1氧对焊接效率的影响 11
1.4.2氧化物对结晶学方位的影响 13
1.5本课题研究的目的与内容 15
第二章 氧气的添加量对焊接效率的影响 17
2.1实验方法 17
2.2实验结果 19
2.3本章小结 22
第三章 氧气的添加量对双相不锈钢焊缝组织结晶学位向的影响 23
3.1实验方法 23
3.2实验结果 24
3.3可能的位向关系转变机制 28
3.4本章小结 29
第四章 总结 31
参考文献 32
致谢 35
绪论
1.1双相不锈钢简介与发展
1.1.1简介
不锈钢并不是特指一种钢材,而是数百类不锈钢钢种。它主要有耐蚀钢和耐热钢两大类。相较于某些传统钢材,无论是抗腐蚀性能,耐热性还是机械性能,不锈钢都具有无法比拟的优越性。其中最重要也是应用最广的是一类是奥氏体不锈钢,它每年的生产总量常常能够占据不锈钢生产总量的70%左右。奥氏体不锈钢是室温显微组织为奥氏体相的不锈钢钢种,具有面心立方晶体结构,主要成分有Cr、Ni、C、Mo、Cu、Si以及Ti等。该类钢材加工性能好,成型容易,抗腐蚀性能较强以及韧塑性较高,在动力工程、机械制造以及能源行业等领域应用十分广泛。铁素体不锈钢是室温显微组织为铁素体相的不锈钢钢种,具有体心立方晶体结构,一般含有Cr、Mo、Ti等元素,但不含Ni。相较于奥氏体不锈钢,此类钢种Ni含量较低,价格稳定,成本较低,抗氧化性能及抗氯化物腐蚀性能较强,是一种十分优异的代替材料。主要用作耐热钢使用,也可作为耐蚀钢。双相不锈钢,顾名思义,是空冷后的室温组织为两相并存的钢种,其中奥氏体相和铁素体相大约各占一半,甚至是含量较少的相的比例都大于30%[1-2]。双相不锈钢一般还含有复杂的合金元素,Ni的质量分数可达3%-10%,铬的质量分数更高,可达18%-28%,另外还含有 Mo、Cu、Si、Ti和N等元素。该类钢材凭借其独特的室温显微组织,在一定程度上兼具了两相组织不同的性能特点。相较于奥氏体不锈钢,该类钢材的焊后残余应力较小,焊接裂纹倾向也随之减小,并且可以节约用材。相较于铁素体不锈钢,该类钢材的韧性和塑性更高,焊接接头出现晶粒粗大的倾向较小。同时,不管是抗均匀腐蚀还是抗局部腐蚀双相不锈钢都有十分优异的表现,尤其是极其出色的抗应力腐蚀性能是开发此类钢种最主要的目的。自从上世纪30年代双相不锈钢作为新型材料问世以来,双相不锈钢凭借其优良的抗腐蚀能力以及较高的综合机械性能,在许多应用领域中正逐渐取代奥氏体不锈钢等传统钢材。随着材料科学以及现代工业的飞速发展,人们对双相不锈钢的认识不断加深,其适用范围也正不断拓宽,尤其是在能源产业、沿海、化学工业和食品设备等领域的应用前景十分广泛。
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