论文总字数：20651字

摘 要

超声波传播不易受外界影响，方向性强，且在遇到障碍物时不易衰减，易反射。超声波测距在非接触测距方向有着广泛的使用。具体来说可以用来测量两点的距离、智能小车自动避障和测量物体的长短等。其中，超声波测距在避障的应用更为明显，主要体现在倒车雷达和工业机器人的自动定位的场合的应用。本文研究并设计了一种基于单片机和超声波模块的一种操作步骤简便、检测精度高、自动化控制、投入较低的超声波测距系统。

为提高本系统的测量精度，本文主要通过渡越时间法进行对超声波测量系统的设计，罗列了几种影响超声波距离测量精度的要素。在设计系统时，把温度对超声波当前速度影响的这一方面考虑了进去，且加了温度修正算法。进而提出了整个系统的主要实现方案，包含了单片机的MCU，数码管显示，超声波换能器的选取。软件方面主要是基于程序流程图的设计和用keil进行C语言编程进行系统实现。该系统经过实际测量，各项技术指标全部满足预定要求，且具有造价较低、硬件电路构成简单、准确度较高等优势。该系统实现了温度补偿，超声波当前距离以及温度的数码管在线显示。

关键词：超声波测距 渡越时间法 温度补偿 数码管显示

Design of ultrasonic distance measurement system

Abstract

Ultrasonic propagation is not easy to be influenced by the outside world, and the directivity of ultrasonic propagation is very strong . It is not easy to decay when it meets obstacles, and it is easy to reflect. Ultrasonic ranging is widely used in the direction of non-contact distance measurement. Specifically, it can be used to measure the distance between two points, intelligent car to avoid obstacles and measure the length of objects. Among them, the application of ultrasonic ranging in obstacle avoidance is more obvious, mainly reflected in the application of reversing radar and automatic positioning of industrial robots. This paper studies and designs a kind of ultrasonic distance measuring system based on a single chip and ultrasonic module, which is simple in operation, high precision, automatic control and low-priced. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of this system, this paper mainly designs the ultrasonic measurement system by the method of time of flight, and lists several factors that affect the precision of ultrasonic distance measurement. In designing the system, the influence of temperature on the current speed of ultrasound is taken into account and a temperature correction algorithm is added. Then the main implementation scheme of the whole system is put forward, which includes the MCU of single chip, the display of digital tube, and the selection of ultrasonic transducer. The software is mainly based on the design of the program flow chart and the implementation of C language programming with keil. After the actual measurement, all the technical indexes meet the predetermined requirements, and the system has the advantages of low cost, simple hardware circuit and high accuracy. The system realizes temperature compensation,the online display of ultrasonic current distance and temperature.

Keywords: ultrasonic ranging, time of flight, temperature compensation, digital tube display.

目录

摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ

第一章 绪论……………………………………………………………………1

1.1 论文背景及意义…………………………………………………………1

1.2 目前超声波测距的处境和未来的发展…………………………………1

1.3 论文的主要内容…………………………………………………………4

第二章 超声波测距的原理分析………………………………………………5

2.1 超声波………………………………………………………………………5

2.1.1 什么是超声波………………………………………………………5

2.1.2 超声波的传输特性…………………………………………………5

2.1.3 超声波测距原理……………………………………………………7

2.1.4 影响超声波测距的因素……………………………………………7

2.2本章小结……………………………………………………………………7

第三章 超声波测距系统方案的设计…………………………………………9

3.1 系统的设计功能要求………………………………………………………9

3.2 超声波换能器的选择………………………………………………………9

3.3 温度模块的选择…………………………………………………………10

3.4 系统方案和框架…………………………………………………………10

3.5 系统设计…………………………………………………………………11

3.5.1硬件系统设计………………………………………………………11

3.5.2软件系统设计………………………………………………………12

3.6 本章小结…………………………………………………………………12

第四章 系统硬件设计…………………………………………………………13

4.1 系统硬件电路原理………………………………………………………13

4.2 主要组成电路……………………………………………………………15

4.2.1 单片机的MCU………………………………………………………15

4.2.2 超声波接收和发射电路……………………………………………18

4.2.3 数码管显示电路……………………………………………………19

4.2.4 温度补偿电路………………………………………………………20

第五章 系统软件设计…………………………………………………………22

5.1 主程序设计………………………………………………………………22

5.2 距离测量子程序设计……………………………………………………22

5.3 数码管显示子程序设计…………………………………………………23

5.4 温度测量子程序设计……………………………………………………25

5.5 本章小结…………………………………………………………………25

第六章 超声波测距系统调试与实际测量…………………………………26

6.1 硬件调试…………………………………………………………………26

6.2 软件调试…………………………………………………………………26

6.3 距离测量…………………………………………………………………26

6.4 误差分析…………………………………………………………………26

第七章 结论与展望……………………………………………………………28

参考文献…………………………………………………………………………29

附录…………………………………………………………………………………30

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