摘 要

海洋附着生物通常也称为海洋污损生物（是指浸入海水中的一切材料表面上生长的动、植物和微生物的总称）。海洋污损生物对材料表面所造成的不良危害称为生物污损。海洋污损生物的危害主要体现在它破坏了船体表面材料结构，加剧了船体表面的金属腐蚀，同时由于大量的海洋污损生物的附着，船舶航行时的阻力就会增加，从而会导致了船舶航速的降低，增加了燃料的消耗，船舶航行的灵活性也就大大降低。此外，如果污损生物粘附在船舶管道或者螺旋桨上带来的后果将会是极其严重的，因此，对船体表面海洋污损生物的有效防除是非常重要的。

但目前对海洋污损生物的防除主要是通过在浸没海水的船壳上涂防污涂料才实现的，但常用的防污漆都有毒、污染环境，使海洋生物畸变，同时也危及人类自身的安全。自然界中，很多海洋生物自身就具有防止污损生物附着的特性，研究较多的鲨鱼和海豚能等通过自身表皮的微结构保持表面清洁，这为构筑微结构防污涂层提供了重要的参考。

受此启发，论文选取螃蟹作为研究对象，不同于鲨鱼和海豚在海水中高速游动而且有粘液分泌，螃蟹一般静止在海洋岩石缝隙中，即使爬行也较为缓慢，表面无粘液渗出，选择螃蟹作为仿生对象，符合船舶污损一般发生在静止停泊状态这一实际情况。

本研究选取梭子蟹和琼那蟹两种螃蟹作为研究对象，分别采用超景深三维立体显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对其表面形貌进行观测，同时采用能谱分析仪对琼那蟹表面的元素分布进行测量，最后，为了验证螃蟹壳的防污性能，采取静态防污实验来实现。通过设计实验室硅藻静态附着实验，以期在实验室条件下验证不同种类的螃蟹壳的防污性能，为螃蟹壳表面形貌用于防污提供理论依据。

Abstract

Marine attached organisms are also commonly referred to as marine fouling organisms (referred to as the generic term for animals, plants and microorganisms that grow on the surface of all materials immersed in seawater). The harmful effects of marine fouling organisms on the surface of materials are called biofouling.The hazards of marine fouling organisms are mainly caused by the destruction of the material structure of the hull surface and the metal corrosion on the surface of the hull. At the same time, due to the adhesion of a large number of marine fouling organisms, the resistance of the vessel during navigation will increase, which will result in ships The reduction of speed will increase the consumption of fuel and the navigational flexibility of ships will be greatly reduced. In addition, if the consequences of contaminating organisms adhering to the ship's pipelines or propellers will be extremely serious, the effective control of marine fouling organisms on the hull surface is very important.

However, the control of marine fouling organisms is mainly achieved by coating antifouling paint on the hull of submerged seawater. However, commonly used antifouling paints are poisonous, pollute the environment, distorting marine life, and endangering humans themselves. Safety. In nature, many marine organisms have their own characteristics to prevent the attachment of fouling organisms. The more studied sharks and dolphins can maintain the surface cleanness through the microstructure of their own epidermis, which provides an important reference for the construction of microstructure antifouling coatings.

 Inspired by this, the paper selected crabs as research objects. Unlike sharks and dolphins swimming at high speed in the sea and having mucus secretion, crabs are generally still in the cracks of marine rocks. Even if crawling is relatively slow, the surface is mucous-free and crabs are selected. As a bionic object, it is consistent with the fact that the ship's fouling generally occurs in the stationary parking state.

In this study, two kinds of Crab and Crana crab were selected as the research subjects. The surface topography of the Crab Crab and the Chinata Crab was observed using an ultra-deep three-dimensional microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The elemental distribution of the crab surface was measured using an energy spectrum analyzer. Finally, in order to verify the anti-fouling performance of crab shells, static anti-fouling experiments were performed. By designing a static adhesion experiment of laboratory diatoms in order to verify the antifouling performance of different types of crab shells under laboratory conditions, the theoretical basis for antifouling of crab shell surface morphology was provided.

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第1章 绪论 1

1.1论文研究背景 1

1.2国内外研究现状 2

1.2.1海洋污损生物附着机理 2

1.2.2污损生物的仿生防污材料 3

1.2.3对表面形貌防污机理的研究 5

1.3、研究内容及方法 6

1.3.1研究内容 6

1.3.2研究方法 6

第2章实验设备介绍 7

2.1 实验准备阶段及设备介绍 7

2.1.1 实验样品的准备 7

2.1.2 超景深三维显微镜 7

2.1.3 扫描电子显微镜 9

2.1.4 能谱分析仪 10

2.2 螃蟹表面形貌提取 11

2.2.1 梭子蟹表面形貌提取 11

2.2.2琼那蟹表面形貌提取 12

2.2.3 琼那蟹表面形貌元素分布测量 13

2.3 本章小结 14

第3章 螃蟹防污机理的分析及防污性能的验证 16

3.1 微结构防污机理 16

3.2 实验室静态防污实验 17

3.2.1 实验材料与设备 17

3.2.2 具体试验方案 17

3.3 本章小结 20

第4章 结论与展望 21

4.1研究结论 21

4.2研究展望 21

参考文献 23

致 谢 24

第1章 绪论

1.1论文研究背景

海洋附着生物通常也称为海洋污损生物（是指浸入海水中的一切材料表面上生长的动、植物和微生物的总称）。海洋污损生物对材料表面所造成的不良危害称为生物污损^［1］。

海洋污损生物给船舶、海洋平台、海上设施带来巨大的危害，世界范围内，各种海洋工程设施和船舶设备等每年因生物污损造成的损失达几十亿美元之多。海洋污损生物给船舶带来的危害只要有以下几个方面：

（1）增加船舶航行阻力
增加船舶航行阻力，降低航行速度，增加燃油消耗^［2］。船体的表面粗粗糙度由于污损生物的附着会增大，航行速度会降低，消耗更多的燃油。同时污损生物附着会增大船舶的重量，机械磨损加大，降低船舶的机动性能，从而影响船舶的经济性能。国外有这方面的统计资料，英国国际油漆公司曾经对1500多艘坞修船舶进行调查，调查结果发现，船舶底部污损率为5%，多消耗燃油10%；船舶底部污损率达到10%，多消耗燃油20%；船舶底部污损率大于50%，燃油增耗将达到40%以上^［3］。

（2）加速金属腐蚀
金属腐蚀形成的主要原因是电化学腐蚀,污损生物附着在船体表面后，由于其需要进行新陈代谢，从而引起pH值、氧浓度、代谢产物浓度、有机物浓度、无机物浓度在各部位分配不均，从而造成氧差或浓度差异电池，加速电化学腐蚀，造成船体表面局部腐蚀，严重时会造成穿孔。