摘 要

石油污染是在石油开采、运输、装卸、加工和使用过程中，由于泄漏和排放石油引起的污染，主要发生在海洋。石油漂浮在海面上，迅速扩散形成油膜，可通过扩散、蒸发、溶解、乳化、光降解以及生物降解和吸收等进行迁移、转化。油膜形成可阻碍水体的复氧作用，影响海洋浮游生物生长，严重破坏海洋生态平衡。石油泄漏已成为全球普遍关注的问题。

1989年美国埃克森公司瓦德兹号油轮溢油事件更是给世人敲响了警钟。我国作为全球第二大原油消费国和第二大原油进口国，石油对于我国的经济发展也起到了至关重要的作用。因此，研究如何建立合理的机制，减少海洋石油泄漏带来的损害，进而消除海洋石油泄漏事故的发生，是杜绝海洋石油泄漏这一生态灾难的最佳途径之一，也是势在必行的。

本文对美国“Exxon Valdez”油轮溢油事故进行调研，利用事故树分析法科学地分析其发生的原因，发生的概率和后果损失，总结事故发生的特点及规律，做出相应的安全分析及预防对策。其次，结合我国的经济发展趋势、原油海运及气候特点，提出了能够提高我国海上石油运输安全的有效建议和管理对策。

研究结果表明：本次海上溢油事故的发生主要是由于人为因素引起的，所以对于我国油气海上运输业，应通过建设专门化的防范队伍、健全相关法律法规，并提高管理效率，对提升我国海洋石油污染的防范能力是非常有必要的。

本文的特色：本人通过事故树分析法，详细地对本次埃克森瓦尔迪兹号油轮溢油事故做了分析，并参考了国内外对于海洋溢油的研究现状，最后结合我国的国情，给出了我国对于防止海上溢油事故发生的有效建议。

关键词：溢油事故 事故树 安全分析 预防对策 管理对策

Abstract

Oil pollution is a kind of pollution caused by leakage and discharging oil while oil exploration, transportation, handling, processing and using, mainly in the ocean. Oil floating on the sea spread rapidly and form oil slick by diffusion, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, light degradation and biodegradable and absorption migration, transformation. Slick formation can hinder the role of re-oxygenation water bodies, affecting the marine plankton growth, seriously damage to the marine ecological balance. Oil spill has become a global issue of common concern, in 1989 the US tanker Exxon Valdez oil spill more wake-up call to the world. China, as the world's second largest oil consumer and the second largest crude oil importer State oil for China's economic development also played a crucial role. Therefore, studying how to establish a reasonable mechanism for the elimination of marine oil spills harm, thereby eliminating the occurrence of marine oil spill, is one of the best ways to prevent this ecological disaster marine oil spill, is imperative.

In this paper, the United States "Exxon Valdez" tanker oil spill research, the use of fault tree analysis scientific analysis of its causes, the probability and consequences of loss, summarizes the characteristics and laws of the accident and make appropriate safety analysis and prevention Measures, combined with China's last economic trends, and climate characteristics make seaborne oil made possible to improve the safety of maritime oil transport effective proposals and management strategies.

The results show: The marine oil spill occurred mainly due to human factors, so for our country through the construction of specialized prevention team, improve relevant laws and regulations and improve management efficiency to improve our ability to prevent marine oil pollution it is very necessary.

Features of this article: I detail this time the Exxon Valdez oil spill done by fault tree analysis are analyzed with reference to the present situation of research on marine oil spill, and finally combined with China's national conditions, to an oil spill of effective recommendations for preventing accidents.

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Keywords：oil spill, accident tree, safety analysis, .preventive measures，management strategies

目 录

1. 绪论........................................................................................................................... ......1

1.1 研究背景和意义..............................................................................................................1

1.2 国内外研究现状..............................................................................................................1

1.2.1国内研究现状............................................................................................................1

1.2.2国外研究现状............................................................................................................3

1.3 论文研究的主要内容及方法..........................................................................................4

1.3.1 论文研究的主要内容...............................................................................................4

1.3.2 论文研究的方法.......................................................................................................4

1. 美国“Exxon Valdez”号油轮溢油事故的原因及影响.................................... ..........6

2.1 事件回顾..........................................................................................................................6

2.2油污处理过程 .................................................................................................................6

2.3 确定原因..........................................................................................................................6

2.4审理结果...........................................................................................................................7

2.5 造成的政治后果和改革..................................................................................................8

2.6经济和个人的影响...........................................................................................................9

1. 事故树法对事件风险分析及给出防范对策.................................................. ..............10

3.1 事故树的基本原理.........................................................................................................10

3.2 美国“Exxon Valdez”号溢油事故树编制..................................................................11

3.3 事故树的定性分析.........................................................................................................12

1. 结论与建议................................................................................................... .................16

4.1 结论.................................................................................................................................16

4.2 我国海上石油安全运输的建议.....................................................................................16