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6.2. Control strategy for hybrid propulsion with hybrid power supply

6.2 提供混合动力来混合推进的控制策略

The control strategies that have been investigated for hybridpropulsion with hybrid power supply will be covered in this section.

本节将介绍已研究过的混合动力混合动力推进控制策略

6.2.1. Heuristic control strategy

Research at Delft University of Technology, suggests that hybrid propulsion with hybrid power supply can deliver significant savings in local emissions, partly by using energy from the batteries that are recharged with a shore connection [96–98]. These savings can be achieved with a heuristic rule based approach. In this approach the control mode of the plant is determined by the operating mode of the vessel (towing, high speed transit, low speed transit or standby) and the battery state of charge.

6.2.1 启发式控制策略

代尔夫特理工大学的研究表明，采用混合动力的混合动力可以明显节省局部排放，其中部分是通过使用通过岸电充电的电池产生的能量[96-98]。这些节省可以通过基于启发式规则的方法来实现。在这种方法中，工厂的控制模式取决于船舶的运行模式（拖曳，高速运输，低速运输或备用）和电池的充电状态

This approach can achieve positive results, because the operating modes of the plant lead to very distinct loading of the system. For example, in low speed transit or standby the main engine loading is very low and, therefore, switching off the engine stops the engine operating inefficiently. However, the amount of fuel and emission savings that can be achieved with a heuristic control strategy strongly depends on the operating profile of the ship and on the sizing of the components.

这种方法可以取得积极的效果，因为工厂的运行模式会导致系统的负载非常不同。例如，在低速运输或备用状态下，主发动机负荷非常低，因此，关闭发动机会停止发动机低效运行。但是，采用启发式控制策略可以节省的燃料和排放量在很大程度上取决于船舶的运行状况和部件的尺寸。

Furthermore, the hybrid propulsion configuration allows designs in which the main engines cannot deliver full bollard pull on their own. However, a design that for delivery of full bollard pull depends on an electric motor or batteries potentially introduces reliability and safety risks. Thus, in current designs the main engine is sized to deliver full bollard pull without additional power from the electric motor.

此外，混合动力推进配置允许主发动机无法自行完成全系柱牵引的设计。但是，用于输送全系缆柱牵引力的设计取决于电动机或电池，可能会带来可靠性和安全性风险。因此，在当前的设计中，主发动机的尺寸由在没有来自电动机的额外动力的情况下提供完全的系柱牵引力来确定。

6.2.2. Equivalent consumption minimisation strategy

In Grimmelius et al. [97] the models required for an ECMS control strategy for hybrid propulsion with a battery as a single electrical power supply are introduced and the application on a tug as a test case is presented. The application does not include a comparison with a rule-based strategy so the benefits of the approach have not yet been established for the case study. Furthermore, practical applications tend to use diesel generators as well, further complicating the optimisation strategy. However, the models used in Grimmelius et al. [97] only need minor additions to include a diesel generator power source.

6.2.2等效消费最小化策略

在Grimmelius等人中，介绍了以电池作为单个电源的混合动力的ECMS控制策略所需的模型，并介绍了在拖船上作为测试案例的应用。该应用程序不包含与基于规则的策略的比较，因此尚未为案例研究确定该方法的好处。此外，实际应用中也倾向于使用柴油发电机，这使得优化策略更加复杂。然而，Grimmelius等人使用的模型仅需少量增加即可包括柴油发电机电源。

7. Electrical propulsion with DC hybrid power supply

One of the major drawbacks of electrical propulsion is that the fuel consumption of the engine in part load is higher for an engine running at fixed speed than for an engine running at variable speed (such as a direct drive engine). This was illustrated by the fuel consumption curves in Fig. 3. This drawback of electrical propulsion has led to the concept of variable frequency electrical networks as discussed in Section 3. Application of variable frequency networks has been very limited, mostly because other consumers require fixed frequency power supply. However, DC distribution systems can also enable variable engine speed.

7.直流混合电源的电气推进

电推进的主要缺点之一是，以固定速度运行的发动机比以可变速度运行的发动机（例如直接驱动发动机）在部分负荷下的发动机的燃油消耗更高。这在图3中的燃油消耗曲线中得到了说明。电力推进的这一缺陷导致了第3节中讨论的变频电网的概念。变频网络的应用受到很大限制，主要是因为其他消费者需要固定的频率电源。但是，直流配电系统也可以实现可变的发动机转速。

Historically, DC systems have been applied in specific applications such as submarines. However, fault protection and power system stability issues have limited their application. The continued development of power electronics and intelligent schemes to protect against faults and ensure power system stability have enabled more widespread application of DC systems. The most important reasons for applying DC systems are increased fuel efficiency when running generators in part load and reduced power conversion losses A typical architecture of electrical propulsion with DC hybrid power supply is presented in Fig. 23.

从历史上看，直流系统已应用于特定应用，例如潜艇。 但是，故障保护和电力系统稳定性问题限制了它们的应用。电力电子技术和智能方案的不断发展，可以防止故障并确保电力系统的稳定性，从而使DC系统的应用更加广泛。 应用DC系统的最重要原因是在部分负载下运行发电机时提高了燃油效率，并降低了功率转换损耗。图23显示了采用DC混合电源的典型电推进架构。

7.1. Benefits of hybrid DC power supply

7.1混合直流电源的好处

The benefits of applying hybrid DC power supply to ships with electric propulsion are as follows:

将混合直流电源应用于带电推进的船舶的好处如下：

The DC architecture allows to run the diesel engine at variable speed, potentially leading to a reduction in fuel consumption, emissions, noise and engine mechanical and thermal loading.DC architectures are resilient to faults, because power electronics allow instantaneous control of electrical variables and electrical faults do not spread across the electrical network and disturb network voltage and frequency.The amount and size of switchgear potentially reduces when the power electronics in the system perform fault protection.

直流架构允许柴油发动机以可变速度运行，从而有可能减少燃油消耗，排放，噪音以及发动机的机械和热负荷。

直流架构具有故障恢复能力，因为电力电子设备可以即时控制电气变量，并且电气故障不会在整个电网中传播，并且不会干扰电网电压和频率。

当系统中的电力电子设备执行故障保护时，开关设备的数量和尺寸可能会减少。

Although DC architectures can provide significant benefits, the following challenges need to be resolved:

尽管直流电体系结构可以带来巨大的好处，但仍需要解决以下挑战：

All power sources and loads need to be connected to the DC network through power electronic converters. If a large amount of fixed frequency AC loads need to be fed, this can lead to

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