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Advances in ethanol auto thermal reforming

乙醇的自热式改革的进步

Fuel cell systems powered by bio-fuels such as ethanol are potential solutions to local, small scale electricity needs, especially in remote, off-grid locations. In recent years, many researchers around the world have studied the on-site auto thermal reforming of ethanol to hydrogen, which can then be used in the fuel cell. However, a comprehensive review of those efforts has not been carried out. In this paper, a detailed literature review of experimental and numerical research is presented, with a focus on the catalysts, reactor design, and simulation and modeling efforts that sought to understand interactions among fluid flow, heat and mass transfer and chemical kinetics. Our review indicates that although considerable work has been carried out on the development of catalysts, relatively fewer studies report system level experiments and simulations that are necessary before these systems can be commercially deployed. Thereby, we also identify areas for further research in the area of ethanol auto thermal reforming.

燃料电池系统由生物燃料如乙醇是当地的可能的解决方案,小规模的电力需求,特别是在偏远,离网的位置。近年来,许多世界各地的研究人员研究了乙醇的现场自热重整氢,然后可以用于燃料电池。然而,这些努力的全面审查尚未开展。在本文中,一个详细的实验和数值研究的文献综述,重点是催化剂、反应器设计、仿真和建模的努力,试图理解流体之间的相互作用,传热传质和化学动力学。我们的审查表明,尽管相当大的工作进行了催化剂的发展,相对较少的系统级的实验和模拟研究报告,这些系统可以商业部署之前是必要的。因此,我们也确定进一步的研究领域,在乙醇自热改革。

1. Introduction（介绍）

International energy outlook projections indicate that with world GDP rising by 3.6% each year, world energy use will grow by 56% between 2010 and 2040. Since most economic growth is expected to occur in developing countries such as China and India, more than 50% of these increases in energy demand are expected to be attributable to these countries

国际能源展望预测表明,全球GDP每年增长了3.6%,世界能源使用2010年至2040年将增长56%。因为大多数经济增长预计将发生在发展中国家如中国和印度,50%以上的能源需求预计将增长归因于这些国家

[1]. With these rising energy demands and depleting conventional energy sources ,non-conventional sources of energy are being sought [2–6]. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, and fuel cells as energy conversion devices have gained traction recently in the context of the shift toward more efficient and less carbon-intensive energy solutions

[1]与这些日益增长的能源需求和消耗常规能源,正在寻求非常规能源。[2 - 6]氢作为能源载体,燃料电池作为能量转换设备获得了牵引最近在转向的背景下更高效和低碳能源解决方案

[7–9]. Broadly, the most common fuel cell systems can be classified according to the primary fuel used: (1) hydrogen based (2) hydrocarbon based, and (3) solar energy (water-electrolysis) based [10]. For each type of fuel cell system, a great number of research efforts are underway in industry, academia and governments to overcome challenges, reduce cost and commercialize the various technologies involved [11–14]. Of these, fuel cells using pure hydrogen are currently not suitable for auxiliary power or remote power backup, owing to the costs associated with the transport and storage of hydrogen.

[7 - 9]。广泛地说,最常见的燃料电池系统根据所使用的主要燃料可分为:(1)基于氢(2)碳氢化合物,和(3)太阳能(水电解)[10]。为每个类型的燃料电池系统,大量的研究工作正在进行产业、学术界和政府为了克服挑战,降低成本和商业化所涉及的各种技术【11 – 14】其中,使用纯氢燃料电池目前没有适用于辅助动力或远程电源备份,由于成本与氢的运输和存储

Fuel Cells running on hydrogen produced by water-electrolysis are still not cost effective for remote off-grid applications [15]. And thus, a lot of work has been seen recently on hydrocarbon based fuel cell systems [16–18]. There are three main reforming methods employed to obtain hydrogen from ethanol: steam reforming, partial oxidation and auto thermal reforming.

水电解产生的氢燃料电池运行在还没有成本效益为远程网的应用[15]。因此,大量的工作最近看到基于碳氢化合物燃料电池系统[16]。有三个主要的改革方法用来获取氢乙醇:蒸汽重整,催化部分氧化和自热重整。

Steam reforming involves reaction of a fuel with steam over a catalyst. This process has the maximum theoretical yield of hydrogen, and has been studied extensively [17,19–22]. However, it is a strongly endothermic reaction requiring external heat, and therefore using steam reforming increases system complexity

蒸汽转化涉及燃料与蒸汽反应催化剂。这个过程有氢的最大理论产量,并已广泛的研究[17，19-22]。然而,它是一种强吸热反应需要外部加热,和因此使用蒸汽改革会增加系统的复杂性

Catalytic partial oxidation, on the other hand involves reaction of an oxygen lean mixture of fuel and air for incomplete combustion. The obvious advantage is that the reaction is exothermic; however, it has the least hydrogen yield of all the reforming reaction. This reaction too has been actively studied in the past decade [23–27].

催化部分氧化,另一方面涉及反应的氧精益不完全燃烧的燃料和空气的混合物。最明显的优势是,反应是放热的;然而,它至少氢产量的改革的反应。这个反应也一直积极研究在过去的十年里(汽车)

Auto thermal reforming combines the endothermic steamer forming reaction and the exothermic partial oxidation to get a (nearly) thermodynamically neutral reaction. This has a lower H2- yield than SR, but the thermodynamic neutral nature makes it a better alternative for fuel reforming. This has been studied through various theoretical and experimental studies for comparing these reactions [17,28–35]

自热重整联合机的吸热蒸笼形成反应和放热部分氧化获得（几乎）热力学中性反应。这具有较低的产量H2-比SR，但热力学性质中性使它成为燃料重整一个更好的选择。这是通过不同的理论和实验研究研究了比较这些反应[17,28-35]

Fuel processors can work with conventional fuels like diesel, natural gas and methanol to yield hydrogen rich mixtures that can be directly used to drive fuel cells. However, fuels derived from biomass, because of the additional advantages of being locally available, carbon neutral and renewable, are the most favorable candidates. Much work is being done to promote the use and understanding of these fuels in reforming reactions [36–38].However among these bio-fuels, ethanol is much favored over others due to its availability via multiple pathways, many of which are subjects of ongoing research [39–41]. Among other advantages of using ethanol as a fuel source are the ease of reforming, safety in storage, handling and transportation, and its non-toxicity. Ethanol

is also preferred as a fuel source as it forms a closed carbon loop, i.e. it adds little or no carbon to the atmosphere via the reforming process [31].

燃料处理器可以与像柴油，天然气和甲醇，得到可直接用于驱动燃料电池的富氢气混合物常规燃料工作。然而，燃料衍生自生物质的因为是本地可用，碳中性的和可再生的附加的优点，是最有利的候选人。许多

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