氯掺杂的石墨的制备及其导电薄膜的性能的研究毕业论文
2022-01-18 21:23:38
论文总字数:17277字
摘 要
ABSTRACT II
第一章 绪论 1
1.1晶体硅类太阳能电池 1
1.2薄膜太阳能电池 1
1.3介观太阳能电池 2
第二章 实验部分 4
2.1实验一 石墨的预处理 6
2.2实验二 氯化石墨的制备 6
2.3实验三 浆料的制备 7
2.4实验四 薄膜的制备 7
第三章 测试与表征 8
3.1金相显微镜测试 9
3.1.1实验步骤 9
3.1.2实验结果 9
3.2 X射线衍射测试 10
3.2.1实验仪器 10
3.2.2实验原理 10
3.2.3实验步骤 10
3.2.4实验结果 11
3.3傅里叶红外测试 12
3.3.1实验仪器 12
3.3.3实验步骤 12
3.3.4实验结果 12
3.4四探针测试 13
3.4.1方块电阻的定义 13
3.4.2实验原理 13
3.4.3实验步骤 15
3.4.6实验仪器 15
3.4.7实验结果 15
第四章 总结 16
参考文献 17
致谢 19
氯化石墨的制备及其导电薄膜性能的研究
摘 要
基于介观尺度的钙钛矿太阳能电池因为原料储量丰富,发电成本低,制备工艺简单,功率转换效率提高快等优势在太阳能发电领域异军突起。钙钛矿太阳能电池通常采用贵金属Au,因而极大地增加了电池的制作成本。因此降低电极成本将成为钙钛矿太阳能电池的优化空间。而地球上储量丰富的碳材料具有收集空穴的能力,导电性能优良,而且耐腐蚀,热稳定性高。然而基于碳对电极的钙钛矿太阳电池的电压始终低于基于金对电极,从而制约了钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的提升。Yu等人[1]在石墨烯中掺杂I、Br提高了石墨烯的电化学性能。我们将同为卤族元素的氯通过超声分散掺杂在石墨中,通过金相显微镜观察其形貌特征,在X射线衍射图谱中看到了石墨的C(002)晶面和C(004)晶面,并且通过傅里叶红外光谱中证实了氯元素的成功掺杂,最后通过四探针测试方块电阻,发现对比于未掺杂的石墨,氯化石墨的方块电阻有所减小,并且氯掺杂浓度越高,方块电阻越小。
关键词:介观太阳能电池 钙钛矿太阳能电池 对电极 石墨
Preparation of chloride graphite and study on properties of conductive films
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on mesoscopic scale have sprung up in the field of solar energy utilization on account of the wide range of raw materials, low production cost, facile fabrication process and high power conversion efficiency(PCE) .The perovskite solar cell is mainly composed of transparent conductive substrate, electron transporting layer(ETL), perovskite absorber, hole transporting layer(HTL), and counter electrode. Although the fabrication cost of perovskite solar cells is lower than that of silicon solar cells and thin film solar cells, most of the perovskite solar cells use noble metals Au and Ag as counter electrode materials, which are rare metals and usually processed by vacuum evaporation method. Moreover, the interface decay associated with metal electrodes tends to decay battery performance earlier than temperature and humidity. Therefore, reducing the cost of the electrode will become an optimized space for the perovskite solar cells. The abundant carbon materials on the earth have the advantages of excellent electrical conductivity, corrosion resistant, high thermal stability and the ability to collect holes. Yu et al[1] improve the electrochemical performance of graphite by doping I, Br into graphite. We synthesize the Cl-doped graphite by adding the graphite into the halogen-containing acid solution and ultrasonically dispersing. Then we observe the morphology through metallographic microscope. The C(002) peak and the C(004) peak were been observed by XRD patterns of samples. The presence of Cl in graphite is investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Using four point resistance tester to test the sheet resistance and it was found that the sheet resistance value of Cl doped graphite was reduced compared to the un-doped graphite and the more chlorine doped, the smaller sheet resistance value of graphite are.
Key Words: mesoscopic solar cells; perovskite solar cells; counter electrode; graphite
绪论
通过电磁波的热辐射可以将太阳光转化为热能;通过光合作用可以将太阳光转化为化学能;而太阳能发电主要有两大类型:1)通过反射镜将太阳能直射光聚焦到工作物质,从而产生高温高压的蒸汽来驱动汽轮机发电;2)利用半导体材料的光生伏特效应将太阳能转换为电能。经过60多年的不断探索和钻研,主要形成了三大类太阳能电池:晶体硅太阳能电池、薄膜太阳能电池、介观太阳能电池。
1.1晶体硅类太阳能电池
晶体硅类太阳能电池是一种利用PN结的电池。在该PN结中,由于掺杂物质不同,载流子类型不同产生电子和空穴,载流子浓度的差异产生扩散电流。正负电荷将在交界面附近复合掉,而交界面附近位于晶格上正离子和负离子因此产生一个与扩散电流方向相反的内部电场。在内部电场的作用下,形成与扩散电流相反的电荷流动,称为漂移电流。在稳定状态下当扩散电流和漂移电流相等,便形成一个关于载流子的动态平衡的空间电荷层。在太阳光照射下,硅半导体受光激发产生电子-空穴对,被内建电场分离,从而产生光伏打效应。因此,对硅材料的纯度和结晶品质要求非常高,这也使得硅类太阳能电池的成本很高。
1.2薄膜太阳能电池
图1-1 直接带隙与间接带隙示意图
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