1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）Literature review For a long time, linguistics have not reached a unified standard for the definition of error. Coder (1967) says that language learners make errors because they lack of language of rules and it finally leads to the imperfection of writing. Rechard (1971) believes that the language use habit of native speakers determines whether their second language knowledge and speech act are correct or not. Therefore, the errors in English writing have much to do with the learners#8217; learning habits. The English expression of Chinese thinking are both the interference of mother tongue and the result of students#8217; bad language habits. In other word, errors are those in which the second language learner contradicts the correct form of the target language speaker in terms of language expression.（Friedenberg, 1991; Wu Xian, 2016）. Elley (2010) believes that limited language proficiency is the cause of making errors.

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundWith the development of economic globalization, translation is becoming more and more crucial in our society. According to Liu (2005), there were about 3,000 translation service providers in our country with estimated annual earnings of around 1.3 million yuan. By the end of 2005 ,this figure has exceed two million. There were about 35,000 full-time translators and more 100,000 part-time translators. The translation market is very prosperous and there is so much potential. But in fact, there is too few excellent translators to meet the needs of the market. Errors in foreign language signs can be seen almost everywhere in public places such as hotels ,restaurants, tourist attractions and even museums, which seriously affects the image of the city. For the sake of meeting cooperative and the city-building needs, translation teaching and translators training is playing an increasingly importan

全文总字数：9411字1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述） Air spring was born in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1847, John Lewis invented air spring. The air spring was used for vibration isolation of mechanical equipment in the early stage. The earliest patent for suspension components of vehicles appeared in 1901. It was used as vibration absorber of tramcar suspension. In the early 1930s, Vanstone Tire Company first applied air springs to the automotive industry. With the support of Henry Ford I and Thomas Alva Edison, Harvey Firestone developed the air spring suspension system AIREDE in 1934. In 1944, General Motors cooperated with Vanstone to conduct the first-round test on its bus. The test results show the inherent superiority of the air suspension system. With the development of China's road transport industry, people put forward higher requirements for vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. In the traditional passive suspension, the parameters can not be change

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述） Air spring was born in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1847, John Lewis invented air spring. The air spring was used for vibration isolation of mechanical equipment in the early stage. The earliest patent for suspension components of vehicles appeared in 1901. It was used as vibration absorber of tramcar suspension. In the early 1930s, Vanstone Tire Company first applied air springs to the automotive industry. With the support of Henry Ford I and Thomas Alva Edison, Harvey Firestone developed the air spring suspension system AIREDE in 1934. In 1944, General Motors cooperated with Vanstone to conduct the first-round test on its bus. The test results show the inherent superiority of the air suspension system. With the development of China's road transport industry, people put forward higher requirements for vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. In the traditional passive suspension, the parameters can not be changed once they are determine

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）Introduction　　　In order to inform clearly why I will research the differences between the sentence combining and sentence making in EFL learners vocabulary acquisition, the section will be divided into four parts, namely research background, the significance of research, research purposes and the organization of research. Need for the studyVocabulary is the foundation of language. Countless words form phrases, sentences or discourses. Without words, we will not communicate with each other and record everything. Wilkins (1972) said that little could be expressed without grammar while nothing could be expressed at all without words. Lewis (1993) acknowledged that vocabulary acquisition to be the prime task of second language acquisition. He also thought that improvement of any language proficiency would not be possible without dependence on vocabulary. Those show the important of vocabulary to human beings.　　　However

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述） 众所周知，发动机是汽车包括机车的动力装置，没有发动机，机车便无法移动，也就失去了机车最基本的功能，这足以显示出发动机的重要性。对于发动机来说，水冷系统对发动机的正常运行起了很大的作用，只有发动机的冷却水泵正常工作时，发动机的性能才有保障。因此，机车水泵的性能也极大决定了发动机的性能。而此次设计：和谐机车水泵试验台电控设计，就是要能测试出机车水泵的各项参数指标，进而对水泵性能做出判断。 为了满足客户需求和车辆及发动机转速、功率不断提高的发展需要，国内各车辆、发动机以及水泵等主要装备研发、生产单位，在发动机及水泵等主要部件的试验领域作了大量的工作。以东风二汽集团、柳州工程机械、上海龙工工程机械、山东省内燃机研究所等为代表的汽车、工程机�

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）Super-hydrophilic silica film with antifogging and antireflective properties was prepared by dip-coating the glass in SiO2nanoparticles sol. The transparent super-hydrophilic film was composed of silica nanoparticles of about 2030nm in diameter. The combination of hydrophilic SiOH on the surface and nanoporous surface topography was believed to be responsible for the antifogging property. The nanopores also effectively reduced the refractive index of the film and resulted in the antireflective property. By sintering the multifunctional silica film, a pencil hardness of 2H could be obtained. Application of the functional film in full-sized photovoltaic modules (158080835mm) demonstrated an increase of the power output of about 2%, 5% and 8%, respectively, at incidence angles of 0, 30 and 60[1]. Glass is a material which plays an important role in architecture and in the automotive and display industries. Inorganic - organic com

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献） 1. Introduction Classroom questioning is a necessary segment for teachers to organize the classroom activities. Thus, teachers#8217; questioning has always been the focus of research attention in foreign language classroom for many years. In classroom teaching, questioning is a very common method on which the research can date back to Confucian ”Heuristic Art” and Socratic ”Midwife#8217;s Art” around 2500 years ago. In ancient China, the ”learning record” recorded the way of questioning and answering (Liu Zhen, 1984). Among western scholars, Socrates was one of the greatest educators who taught how to ask questions. He put forward the theory of ”approach method”, meaning to ”lead out” questions and then the learners#8217; wisdom, which is the root of education (Lin Li, 2008). John Dewey (1910) introduced the term critical thinking to American education in the early 1900s. In fact, critical thi

1. 研究目的与意义随着我国国民经济发展,人民生活水平的提高。人们对农产品质量的要求也在不断提高,而农产品需求量大，长期保鲜储存成本高等特点,导致农产品在城市配送过程中品质下降,造成大量的损失和浪费,不仅不利于提高城市居民的生活水平，也给配送企业带来了成本上的压力。因此,研究农产品城市配送的特殊性和城市共同配送成本的关联性，对实现农产品的畅通流动，增加农民和配送企业的经济收入有重要的意义。2. 研究内容和预期目标本文将会结合南京市农产品物流开展的状况，具体调查和研究南京市农副产品物流公司在农产品物流运输中出现的问题和取得的相关成绩，从而提出自己对于解决这些相关问题的建议。本研究的主要目标是发现农副产品物流公司在农产品物流开展共同配送中出现的问题，改进公司的物流配送模式，从而�

全文总字数：21865字1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述） 1.1Purposeand significance With the rapiddevelopment of society and people's pursuit of quality life, higherrequirements have been placed on the performance of vehicles, especially withgood handling stability and driving smoothness, in order to meet the market andconsumers' requirements for the current development of the automotive industry demand.Suspension is the general name of allforce transmission connection devices between the axle (or wheel) and the frame(or load-bearing body). The main function of the suspension system is toalleviate the impact of the road on the vehicle, attenuate the vibrationbetween the body and the wheel, transfer the force between the wheel and theroad, control the movement posture of the wheel and the body, and ensure thenormal driving of the car. As an important part of the chassis, the suspensionsystem has an important impact on the car's driving safety, driving comfort,handling stabi